Hammer, B: Orbital Fractures

Part 1 Surgical anatomy of the orbit: definition of the key area; the orbital fissures; vascularization; the orbital connective tissue system; distances and landmarks; anatomic basis of post-traumatic enophthalmos. Part 2 Diagnosis and classification: fracture patterns and their classification - classification of orbito-zygomatic fractures, classification of naso-orbito-ethmoid fractures, internal orbital fracture patterns, combined orbital fractures; associated injuries in orbital fractures - diagnosis, clinical examination, plain radiographs, CT examination, other imaging techniques. Part 3 Ophthalmic aspects: visual impairment - mechanisms, diagnosis, management of traumatic visual loss, visual loss following fracture repair, case reports; diplopia - mechanisms, diagnosis and documentation, management. Part 4 Conservative treatment. Part 5 Database: review of patients with primary repair - patient population, fracture patterns and associated injuries, operative treatment, follow-up; review of patients with secondary corrections - patient population and type of deformities, surgical treatment, results. Part 6 Operative management of orbital fractures: basic principles - exposure, rigid fixation, bone graft harvesting of the calvarium, repositioning of soft tissues with suspension sutures; orbito-zygomatic fractures (outer orbital frame) - nonfragmented orbito-zygomatic fractures, fragmented orbito-zygomatic fractures, naso-orbito-ethmoid fractures, management of the central fragment, nasal reconstruction; naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture-related problems - sequence of operative steps in naso-orbit-ethmoid fracture repair; fractures of the internal orbit - linear fractures, blow-out fractures, complex orbital wall defects; surgical technique for the repair of complex orbital fractures; case reports; errors in orbital reconstruction - exposure, orbital frame, orbital wall reconstruction. Part 7 Secondary corrections: principles of corrective surgery - skeletal