Handbook of Psychopharmacology

Pharmacological Analysis of Feeding
8.1. Serotonin Manipulations and the Structure of Feeding Behavior
8.2. Behavioral Analysis of the Effects of Opioid Antagonists on Feeding
8.3. Behavioral Calibration of Natural and Abnormal Anorexia
9. Control of Feeding: A Second Look
9.1. Impact of Pharmacological Studies
9.2. A Paradox: The Orexic and Anorexic Effects of Amphetamine
9.3. Models of Feeding Control
10. References

4 The Psychopharmacology of Aggression
1. Recent History of Psychopharmacological Aggression Research
1.1. Psychiatric Research Questions
1.2. Origins of Behavioral Methodology
1.3. Emerging Neuroscientific Objectives
2. Framework for the Behavioral Analysis of Aggression
2.1. Experimental-Psychological Approach
2.2. Neurological Approach
2.3. Ethological Approach
3. Preclinical and Clinical Aggression Research
3.1. Antiaggressive Drug Treatments
3.2. Drugs of Abuse and Aggression
4. References

5 The Electrophysiological and Biochemical Pharmacology of the Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Neurons
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy of Midbrain Dopamine Systems
2.1. The Nigrostriatal DA System
2.2. Mesolimbic and Mesocortical DA Systems
3. Distinguishing between A9 and A10 Dopamine Systems
3.1. Behavioral Studies
3.2. Anatomical Considerations
4. Identification and Characterization
5. Dopamine Neuron Function Regulation
5.1. Effects of DA Agonists on A10 DA Neuron Activity
5.2. DA Receptor Antagonist Actions
6. Effects of Neurotransmitters on A10 Dopamine Neuron Activity
6.1. The Influence of GABA on A10 DA Neurons
6.2. The Effects of Serotonin on A10 DA Neurons
6.3. The Effects of Noradrenergic Agonists and Antagonists on A10 DA Neurons
6.4. The Effects of Substance P on A10 DA Neurons
7. Summary
8. References

6 Psychopharmacology of Repeated Seizures: Possible Relevance to the Mechanism of Action of Electroconvulsive Therapy
1. Introduction
2. Functional Changes after Seizures
2.1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine
2.2. Dopamine
2.3. Noradrenaline
2.4. GABA
2.5. Acetylcholine
2.6. Opioids
2.7. Histamine
3. Biochemical Consequences of Seizures
3.1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine
3.2. Dopamine
3.3. Noradrenaline
3.4. GABA
3.5. Opioid Peptides
3.6. Acetylcholine
3.7. Adenosine and Cyclic Nucleotides
3.8. Peptides
3.9. Calcium
4. Neuroendocrine Markers of Neurotransmitter Changes Following Electroconvulsive Shock
5. Are Any Biochemical and Functional Changes Associated?
5.1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine
5.2. Dopamine
5.3. Noradrenaline
5.4. GABA
5.5. Acetylcholine
5.6. Opioid Peptides
6. Can Biochemical or Behavioral Changes Be Associated with Antidepressant Action of Electroconvulsive Shock?
7. References

7 Psychopharmacology of Nicotine: Stimulus Effects and Receptor Mechanisms
1. Introduction
1.1. Historical Background
1.2. Behavioral Background
1.3. Neurochemical Background
2. Nicotine as a Positive Reinforcer
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Studies in Animals
2.3. Studies in Human Subjects
2.4. Conclusions
3. Nicotine as an Aversive Stimulus
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Nicotine as a Punisher
3.3. Nicotine as a Negative Reinforcer
3.4. Conditioned Taste Aversions
3.5. Conclusions
4. Discriminative Stimulus of Nicotine
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Generalization Tests: Nicotinic Agonists
4.3. Generalization Tests: Nonnicotinic Drugs
4.4. Pretreatment Experiments
4.5. Conclusions
5. Nicotine and Brain Mechanisms of Reward
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Studies of Intracranial Self-Stimulation
5.3. Intake of Palatable Substances
5.4. Conditioned Place Preferences
5.5. Neuropharmacological Observations
5.6. Evidence from Nicotine Self-Administration
6. General Conclusions
6.1. Integration of Different Approaches
6.2. Models of the CNS Nicotinic Receptor
7. References

8 The Behavioral Effects of Opiates
1. Introduction
1.1. Historical Perspective
1.2. Methodological Considerations
2. The Effects of Opiates on Pain
2.1. The Neurobiology of Afferent Pain Transmission
2.2. The Effects of Opiates on Pain Transmission
2.3. Environmental Activation of Endogenous Analgesia Systems
3. The Effects of Opiates on Reward
3.1. The Neural Substrate of Opiate Reward
3.2. The Opiate Reward and Other Forms of Reward
4. The Effects of Opiates on Cardiovascular Function
4.1. The Cardiovascular Effects of Exogenously Administered Opiates
4.2. Endogenous Opioids and Environmentally Produced Cardiovascular Effects
5. Other Effects of Opiates on Behavior
6. References

9 Neuropeptides and Memory
1. Neuropeptides
2. Conceptual and Methodological Considerations
2.1. Conceptual Model
2.2. Animal Tests
3. Hypophyseal Peptides and Memory
3.1. Vasopressin
3.2. Oxytocin
3.3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
3.4. Endorphins
3.5. Somatostatin
4. Nonhypophyseal Peptides and Memory
4.1. Neurotensin
4.2. Angiotensin
4.3. Cholecystokinin
4.4. Substance P
5. Synthesis
5.1. Hypophyseal Peptides-Summary
5.2. Nonhypophyseal Peptides-Summary
5.3. Site and Mechanism of Action
5.4. U-Shaped Dose-Effect Functions
5.5. Blood-Brain Barrier
5.6. Is It Memory?
5.7. James-Lange Theory of Memory
5.8. State Dependency
5.9. Homology of Function
6. References

10 The Actions of Neuroleptic Drugs on Appetitive Instrumental Behaviors
1. Introduction
2. Hypotheses on the Behavioral Actions of Neuroleptics
2.1. Behavioral Profile of Neuroleptic Effects
2.2. Early Motor Hypotheses
2.3. Anhedonia and the Link between Dopamine and Reinforcement
3. Evaluation of Experiments on Dopaminergic Involvement in Reinforcement
3.1. On the Proposed Similarity between Neuroleptics and Extinction
3.2. The Response Capacity Argument
3.3. The Use of Paradigms Purported to Dissociate Reinforcement from Performance
3.4. Conclusions
4. Incentive Explanation of Neuroleptic Actions
5. An Alternative Explanation of Dopamine Antagonist Effects on Operant Behavior
5.1. A Multiprocess Model for Describing Control of Operant Response Output
5.2. On the Role of Brain Dopamine Systems in Appetitive Instrumental Behavior
6. References

11 Second-Generation Antidepressants
1. Introduction
2. General Properties of Second-Generation Antidepressants
3. Methodological Approaches
3.1. Neurochemical Assays
3.2. Behavioral Assays
4. Summary and Conclusions
5. References