Helmke, M: Ubuntu Unleashed 2015 Edition

Internet Relay Chat 78 Usenet Newsgroups 80 References 82 5 Productivity Applications 83 Introducing LibreOffice 85 Other Office Suites for Ubuntu 87 Working with GNOME Office 87 Working with KOffice 88 Other Useful Productivity Software 89 Working with PDF 89 Working with XML and DocBook 89 Working with LaTeX 91 Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows 91 References 92 6 Multimedia Applications 93 Sound and Music 93 Sound Cards 94 Adjusting Volume 95 Sound Formats 96 Listening to Music 97 Buying Music in the Ubuntu One Music Store 99 Graphics Manipulation 100 The GNU Image Manipulation Program 101 Using Scanners in Ubuntu 103 Working with Graphics Formats 103 Capturing Screen Images 105 Other Graphics Manipulation Options 106 Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu 106 Handheld Digital Cameras 106 Using Shotwell Photo Manager 107 Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu 107 Creating CDs and DVDs with Brasero 108 Creating CDs from the Command Line 109 Creating DVDs from the Command Line 110 Viewing Video 112 TV and Video Hardware 112 Video Formats 114 Viewing Video in Linux 114 Personal Video Recorders 116 Video Editing 116 References 117 7 Other Ubuntu Interfaces 119 Desktop Environment 120 KDE and Kubuntu 121 Xfce and Xubuntu 122 LXDE and Lubuntu 123 GNOME 3 and Ubuntu GNOME 124 Ubuntu Kylin 125 References 126 8 Games 127 Ubuntu Gaming 127 Installing Proprietary Video Drivers 128 Installing Games in Ubuntu 129 Warsow 129 Scorched 3D 130 Frozen Bubble 131 SuperTux 131 Battle for Wesnoth 133 Frets on Fire 133 FlightGear 134 Speed Dreams 134 Games for Kids 134 Commercial Games 135 Steam 136 Playing Windows Games 136 References 137 Part III System Administration 9 Managing Software 139 Ubuntu Software Center 139 Using Synaptic for Software Management 140 Staying Up-to-Date 142 Working on the Command Line 143 Day-to-Day Usage 144 Finding Software 147 Compiling Software from Source 148 Compiling from a Tarball 148 Compiling from Source from the Ubuntu Repositories 149 Configuration Management 150 dotdee 150 OneConf 151 References 151 10 Command-Line Quickstart 153 What Is the Command Line? 154 Accessing the Command Line 155 Text-Based Console Login 156 Logging Out 157 Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer 157 User Accounts 158 Reading Documentation 160 Using Man Pages 160 Using apropros 160 Using whereis 161 Understanding the Linux File System Hierarchy 161 Essential Commands in /bin and /sbin 162 Configuration Files in /etc 163 User Directories: /home 163 Using the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact with the Kernel 164 Working with Shared Data in the /usr Directory 165 Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory 166 Accessing Variable Data Files in the /var Directory 166 Navigating the Linux File System 166 Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls 166 Changing Directories with cd 168 Finding Your Current Directory with pwd 169 Working with Permissions 169 Assigning Permissions 170 Directory Permissions 171 Altering File Permissions with chmod 172 File Permissions with chgrp 173 Changing File Permissions with chown 173 Understanding Set User ID and Set Group ID Permissions 173 Working with Files 175 Creating a File with touch 175 Creating a Directory with mkdir 175 Deleting a Directory with rmdir 176 Deleting a File or Directory with rm 177 Moving or Renaming a File with mv 177 Copying a File with cp 178 Displaying the Contents of a File with cat 179 Displaying the Contents of a File with less 179 Using Wildcards and Regular Expressions 179 Working as Root 180 Understanding and Fixing sudo 180 Creating Users 183 Deleting Users 184 Shutting Down the System 184 Rebooting the System 185 Commonly Used Commands and Programs 185 References 186 11 Command-Line Master Class 187 Why Use the Command Line? 188 Using Basic Commands 189 Printing the Contents of a File with cat 191 Changing Directories with cd 191 Changing File Access Permissions with chmod 193 Copying Files with cp 194 Printing Disk Usage with du 194 Finding Files by Searching with find 195 Searches for a String in Input with grep 197 Paging Through Output with less 198 Creating Links Between Files with ln 200 Finding Files from an Index with locate 202 Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls 202 Reading Manual Pages with man 204 Making Directories with mkdir 205 Moving Files with mv 205 Deleting Files and Directories with rm 206 Sorting the Contents of a File with sort 206 Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail 208 Using echo 209 Printing the Location of a Command with which 209 Redirecting Output and Input 209 stdin, stdout, sdterr, and Redirection 211 Comparing Files 212 Finding Differences in Files with diff 212 Finding Similarities in Files with comm 213 Limiting Resource Use and Job Control 213 Listing Processes with ps 213 Listing Jobs with jobs 214 Running One or More Tasks in the Background 215 Moving Jobs to the Background or Foreground with bg and fg 216 Printing Resource Usage with top 216 Setting Processes Priority with nice 219 Combining Commands 220 Pipes 220 Combining Commands with Boolean Operators 222 Running Separate Commands in Sequence 222 Using Environment Variables 222 Using Common Text Editors 226 Working with nano 227 Working with vi 228 Working with emacs 229 Working with sed and awk 230 Working with Compressed Files 232 Using Multiple Terminals with byobu 233 Polite System Reset Using REISUB 234 Tips and Tricks 235 Running the Previous Command 235 Running Any Previous Command 236 Running a Previous Command That Started with Specific Letters 236 Running the Same Thing You Just Ran with a Different First Word 236 Viewing Your History and More 236 Do Two or More Things 236 Shortcuts 237 Coreutils 237 References 237 12 Managing Users 239 User Accounts 239 The Super User/Root User 240 User IDs and Group IDs 242 File Permissions 242 Managing Groups 243 Group Listing 243 Group Management Tools 245 Managing Users 246 User Management Tools 246 Adding New Users 248 Monitoring User Activity on the System 252 Managing Passwords 253 System Password Policy 253 The Password File 253 Shadow Passwords 254 Managing Password Security for Users 257 Changing Passwords in a Batch 257 Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users 258 Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command 258 Granting Root Privileges on Occasion: The sudo Command 260 Disk Quotas 263 Implementing Quotas 263 Manually Configuring Quotas 264 Related Ubuntu Commands 265 References 265 13 Automating Tasks and Shell Scripting 267 Scheduling Tasks 267 Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later 267 Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly 270 Using rtcwake to Wake Your Computer from Sleep Automatically 272 Basic Shell Control 274 The Shell Command Line 275 Shell Pattern-Matching Support 276 Redirecting Input and Output 277 Piping Data 278 Background Processing 278 Writing and Executing a Shell Script 279 Running the New Shell Program 280 Storing Shell Scripts for System-Wide Access 281 Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells 282 Using Variables in Shell Scripts 283 Assigning a Value to a Variable 284 Accessing Variable Values 284 Positional Parameters 284 A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter 285 Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve Variables from the Command Line 286 Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks 286 Built-In Variables 288 Special Characters 289 Using Double Quotes to Resolve Variables in Strings with Embedded Spaces 290 Using Single Quotes to Maintain Unexpanded Variables 290 Using the Backslash as an Escape Character 291 Using the Backtick to Replace a String with Output 292 Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash 292 Comparing Expressions with tcsh 297 The for Statement 301 The while Statement 303 The until Statement 304 The repeat Statement (tcsh) 305 The select Statement (pdksh) 305 The shift Statement 306 The if Statement 306 The case Statement 308 The break and exit Statements 310 Using Functions in Shell Scripts 310 References 311 14 The Boot Process 313 Running Services at Boot 313 Beginning the Boot Loading Process 314 Loading the Linux Kernel 315 System Services and Runlevels 316 Runlevel Definitions 316 Booting into the Default Runlevel 317 Understanding init Scripts and the Final Stage of Initialization 317 Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools 318 Changing Runlevels 318 Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems 319 Starting and Stopping Services Manually 320 Using Upstart 321 systemd 322 Boot Repair 322 References 322 15 System-Monitoring Tools 323 Console-Based Monitoring 323 Using the kill Command to Control Processes 325 Using Priority Scheduling and Control 326 Displaying Free and Used Memory with free 327 Disk Space 328 Disk Quotas 329 Checking Log Files 329 Rotating Log Files 331 Graphical Process and System Management Tools 336 System Monitor 336 Conky 338 Other 342 KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools 343 Enterprise Server Monitoring 343 Landscape 343 Other 343 References 344 16 Backing Up 345 Choosing a Backup Strategy 345 Why Data Loss Occurs 346 Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources 347 Evaluating Backup Strategies 349 Making the Choice 352 Choosing Backup Hardware and Media 352 Removable Storage Media 352 CD-RW and DVD+RW/-RW Drives 353 Network Storage 353 Tape Drive Backup 353 Cloud Storage 354 Using Backup Software 354 tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool 355 The GNOME File Roller 357 The KDE ark Archiving Tool 358 Deja Dup 358 Back In Time 360 Unison 362 Using the Amanda Backup Application 362 Alternative Backup Software 363 Copying Files 364 Copying Files Using tar 364 Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams 365 Copying Files Using cp 365 Copying Files Using mc 366 Using rsync 366 Version Control for Configuration Files 368 System Rescue 370 The Ubuntu Rescue Disc 371 Restoring the GRUB2 Boot Loader 371 Saving Files from a Nonbooting Hard Drive 372 References 372 17 Networking 373 Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface 374 Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface 374 Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually 374 Checking Connections with ping, traceroute, and mtr 376 Networking with TCP/IP 378 TCP/IP Addressing 379 Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu 381 Ports 382 IPv6 Basics 382 Network Organization 385 Subnetting 385 Subnet Masks 386 Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing 386 Hardware Devices for Networking 387 Network Interface Cards 387 Network Cable 389 Hubs and Switches 390 Routers and Bridges 391 Initializing New Network Hardware 391 Using Network Configuration Tools 393 Command-Line Network Interface Configuration 394 Network Configuration Files 399 Using Graphical Configuration Tools 401 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 403 How DHCP Works 403 Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time 404 DHCP Software Installation and Configuration 405 Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts 407 Other Uses for DHCP 409 Wireless Networking 409 Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu 409 Advantages of Wireless Networking 411 Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols 411 Beyond the Network and onto the Internet 412 Common Configuration Information 412 Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access 414 Understanding PPP over Ethernet 414 Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually 415 Configuring Dial-Up Internet Access 416 Troubleshooting Connection Problems 417 References 418 18 Remote Access with SSH, Telnet, and VNC 419 Setting Up a Telnet Server 419 Telnet Versus SSH 421 Setting Up an SSH Server 421 SSH Tools 421 Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines 422 Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines 423 Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-Based Logins 423 Virtual Network Computing 425 References 427 19 Securing Your Machines 429 Understanding Computer Attacks 429 Assessing Your Vulnerability 431 Protecting Your Machine 432 Securing a Wireless Network 433 Passwords and Physical Security 433 Configuring and Using Tripwire 434 Devices 435 Viruses 435 Configuring Your Firewall 436 AppArmor 440 Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan 442 References 443 20 Performance Tuning 445 Hard Disk 445 Using the BIOS and Kernel to Tune the Disk Drives 446 The hdparm Command 447 File System Tuning 448 The tune2fs Command 448 The e2fsck Command 449 The badblocks Command 449 Disabling File Access Time 449 Kernel 450 Apache 451 MySQL 452 Measuring Key Buffer Usage 452 Using the Query Cache 454 Miscellaneous Tweaks 455 Query Optimization 456 References 456 21 Kernel and Module Management 457 The Linux Kernel 458 The Linux Source Tree 459 Types of Kernels 461 Managing Modules 462 When to Recompile 464 Kernel Versions 465 Obtaining the Kernel Sources 466 Patching the Kernel 467 Compiling the Kernel 468 Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel 471 Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image 474 When Something Goes Wrong 475 Errors During Compile 475 Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops 476 References 476 Part IV Ubuntu as a Server 22 Sharing Files and Printers 479 Using the Network File System 480 Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS 480 NFS Server Configuration 480 NFS Client Configuration 482 Putting Samba to Work 482 Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf 484 Testing Samba with the testparm Command 487 Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the smbd Daemon 488 Mounting Samba Shares 489 Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu 489 Creating Network Printers 490 Using the Common UNIX Printing System GUI 491 Avoiding Printer Support Problems 493 References 494 23 Apache Web Server Management 495 About the Apache Web Server 495 Installing the Apache Server 496 Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories 496 Building the Source Yourself 498 Starting and Stopping Apache 500 Starting the Apache Server Manually 500 Using /etc/init.d/apache2 502 Runtime Server Configuration Settings 503 Runtime Configuration Directives 503 Editing apache2.conf 504 Apache Multiprocessing Modules 507 Using .htaccess Configuration Files 507 File System Authentication and Access Control 509 Restricting Access with allow and deny 510 Authentication 511 Final Words on Access Control 513 Apache Modules 514 mod_access 514 mod_alias 514 mod_asis 515 mod_auth 515 mod_auth_anon 515 mod_auth_dbm 516 mod_auth_digest 516 mod_autoindex 516 mod_cgi 516 mod_dir and mod_env 516 mod_expires 516 mod_headers 516 mod_include 517 mod_info and mod_log_config 517 mod_mime and mod_mime_magic 517 mod_negotiation 517 mod_proxy 517 mod_rewrite 518 mod_setenvif 518 mod_speling 518 mod_status 518 mod_ssl 518 mod_unique_id 518 mod_userdir 519 mod_usertrack 519 mod_vhost_alias 519 Virtual Hosting 519 Address-Based Virtual Hosts 519 Name-Based Virtual Hosts 520 Logging 521 HTTPS 523 References 525 24 Nginx Web Server Management 527 About the Nginx Web Server 527 Installing the Nginx Server 529 Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories 529 Building the Source Yourself 530 Configuring the Nginx Server 530 Virtual Hosting 533 Setting Up PHP 534 Adding and Configuring Modules 536 HTTPS 536 References 538 25 Other HTTP Servers 539 lighttpd 539 Yaws 540 Cherokee 541 Jetty 541 thttpd 542 Apache Tomcat 542 References 542 26 Remote File Serving with FTP 543 Choosing an FTP Server 543 Choosing an Authenticated or Anonymous Server 544 Ubuntu FTP Server Packages 544 Other FTP Servers 544 Installing FTP Software 545 The FTP User 546 Configuring the Very Secure FTP Server 548 Controlling Anonymous Access 549 Other vsftpd Server Configuration Files 550 Using the ftphosts File to Allow or Deny FTP Server Connection 551 References 552 27 Handling Email 553 How Email Is Sent and Received 553 The Mail Transport Agent 554 Choosing an MTA 556 The Mail Delivery Agent 556 The Mail User Agent 557 Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation 558 Configuring Masquerading 560 Using Smart Hosts 561 Setting Message Delivery Intervals 561 Mail Relaying 562 Forwarding Email with Aliases 562 Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail 563 Installing Fetchmail 563 Configuring Fetchmail 563 Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent 567 Procmail 567 Spamassassin 567 Squirrelmail 568 Virus Scanners 568 Autoresponders 568 Alternatives to Microsoft Exchange Server 568 Microsoft Exchange Server/Outlook Client 569 CommuniGate Pro 569 Oracle Beehive 570 Bynari 570 Open-Xchange 570 phpgroupware 570 PHProjekt 570 Horde 570 References 571 28 Proxying, Reverse Proxying, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 573 What Is a Proxy Server? 573 Installing Squid 574 Configuring Clients 574 Access Control Lists 575 Specifying Client IP Addresses 579 Sample Configurations 580 Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 582 Setting Up a VPN Client 583 Setting Up a VPN Server 585 References 587 29 Administering Relational Database Services 589 A Brief Review of Database Basics 590 How Relational Databases Work 592 Understanding SQL Basics 594 Creating Tables 594 Inserting Data into Tables 595 Retrieving Data from a Database 596 Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL 598 Speed 598 Data Locking 599 ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity 599 SQL Subqueries 600 Procedural Languages and Triggers 600 Configuring MySQL 601 Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User 602 Creating a Database in MySQL 602 Configuring PostgreSQL 604 Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL 604 Creating a Database in PostgreSQL 605 Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL 606 Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL 606 Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL 607 Database Clients 607 SSH Access to a Database 608 Local GUI Client Access to a Database 609 Web Access to a Database 610 The MySQL Command-Line Client 611 The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client 612 Graphical Clients 613 References 613 30 NoSQL Databases 615 Key/Value Stores 618 Berkeley DB 618 Cassandra 619 Memcached and MemcacheDB 619 Redis 620 Riak 620 Document Stores 620 CouchDB 621 MongoDB 622 BaseX 622 Wide Column Stores 623 BigTable 623 HBase 623 Graph Stores 624 Neo4j 624 OrientDB 624 HyperGraphDB 624 FlockDB 625 References 625 31 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) 627 Configuring the Server 628 Creating Your Schema 628 Populating Your Directory 630 Configuring Clients 632 Evolution 632 Thunderbird 633 Administration 633 References 634 32 Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) 635 Requirements 636 Installation 639 Using LTSP 640 References 641 33 Virtualization on Ubuntu 643 KVM 645 VirtualBox 649 VMware 651 Xen 651 References 651 34 Ubuntu in the Cloud 653 Why a Cloud? 654 Software as a Service (SaaS) 655 Platform as a Service (PaaS) 655 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 655 Metal as a Service (MaaS) 656 Before You Do Anything 656 Ubuntu Cloud and Eucalyptus 656 Deploy/Install Basics: Public, Private, or Hybrid? 656 Ubuntu Cloud and OpenStack 657 Compute Infrastructure (Nova) 658 Storage Infrastructure (Swift) 659 Networking Service (Neutron) 659 Identity Service (Keystone) 659 Imaging Service (Glance) 659 Dashboard (Horizon) 659 Learning More 659 Juju 660 Getting Started 660 Charms 663 The Juju GUI 665 Juju Quickstart 665 Juju on Mac OS X and Windows 665 Ubuntu Metal as a Service (MaaS) 666 Landscape 666 References 666 35 Managing Sets of Servers 669 Juju 669 Puppet 670 Chef 670 CFEngine 671 Ansible 671 Landscape 671 References 671 36 Name Serving with the Domain Name System (DNS) 673 Understanding Domain Names 675 DNS Servers 675 DNS Records 676 Setting Up a DNS Server with BIND 679 References 681 Part V Programming Linux 37 Using Programming Tools for Ubuntu 683 Programming with Linux 684 Using the C Programming Project Management Tools Provided with Ubuntu 685 Building Programs with make 685 Using Makefiles 685 Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code 687 Debugging Tools 688 Using the GNU C Compiler 689 Graphical Development Tools 690 Using the KDevelop Client 690 The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME 691 Use an IDE or SDK 692 References 694 38 Opportunistic Development 695 Version Control Systems 696 Managing Software Projects with Subversion 696 Managing Software Projects with Bazaar 697 Managing Software Projects with Mercurial 698 Managing Software Projects with Git 699 Introduction to Opportunistic Development 700 Launchpad 701 Quickly 703 Bikeshed and Other Tools 707 References 709 39 Helping with Ubuntu Development 711 Introduction to Ubuntu Development 712 Setting Up Your Development System 713 Install Basic Packages and Configure 713 Create a Launchpad Account 714 Set Up Your Environment to Work with Launchpad 714 Fixing Bugs and Packaging 716 Finding Bugs to Fix with Harvest 719 Masters of the Universe 719 References 719 40 Helping with Ubuntu Testing and QA 721 Community Teams 721 Ubuntu Testing Team 722 QA Team 722 Bug Squad 723 Test Drive 723 References 726 41 Using Perl 727 Using Perl with Linux 727 Perl Versions 728 A Simple Perl Program 728 Perl Variables and Data Structures 730 Perl Variable Types 731 Special Variables 731 Operators 732 Comparison Operators 732 Compound Operators 733 Arithmetic Operators 733 Other Operators 734 Special String Constants 734 Conditional Statements: if/else and unless 735 if 735 unless 736 Looping 736 for 736 foreach 737 while 737 until 738 last and next 738 do ... while and do ... until 738 Regular Expressions 739 Access to the Shell 740 Modules and CPAN 741 Code Examples 741 Sending Mail 741 Purging Logs 743 Posting to Usenet 744 One-Liners 745 Command-Line Processing 746 References 746 42 Using Python 749 Python on Linux 750 The Basics of Python 751 Numbers 751 More on Strings 753 Lists 756 Dictionaries 758 Conditionals and Looping 759 Functions 761 Object Orientation 762 Class and Object Variables 763 Constructors and Destructors 764 Class Inheritance 765 The Standard Library and the Python Package Index 767 References 767 43 Using PHP 769 Introduction to PHP 770 Entering and Exiting PHP Mode 770 Variables 770 Arrays 772 Constants 774 References 774 Comments 775 Escape Sequences 775 Variable Substitution 776 Operators 777 Conditional Statements 779 Special Operators 780 Switching 781 Loops 783 Including Other Files 785 Basic Functions 786 Strings 786 Arrays 789 Files 791 Miscellaneous 793 Handling HTML Forms 797 Databases 797 References 800 44 Using Other Popular Programming Languages 801 Ada 802 Clojure 803 COBOL 803 D 804 Erlang 804 Forth 805 Go 805 Fortran 806 Groovy 806 Dart 806 Haskell 807 Java 807 JavaScript 808 Lisp 808 Lua 809 Mono 809 OCaml 810 Ruby 810 Rust 811 Scala 811 Scratch 811 Vala 811 References 812 45 Beginning Mobile Development for Android 815 Introduction to Android 816 Hardware 816 Linux Kernel 816 Libraries 816 Android Runtime 816 Application Framework 816 Applications 817 Installing the Android SDK 817 Install Java 817 Install Eclipse 817 Install the SDK 817 Install the ADT Eclipse Plug-In 818 Install Other Components 818 Install Virtual Devices 819 Create Your First Application 820 References 821 46 Developing for Ubuntu Mobile/Touch 823 Install the SDK 824 Create Your First Application 824 Learn About Ubuntu Design 825 Study the User Interface Toolkit 825 References 826 Index 829