High Sensitivity Moiré

Interferometry
- - Alignment
- - Size of Field
- - Environmental Concerns: Air Currents
- - Vibrations, Optical Tables
- - Loading Fixtures
- - Two-beam Systems
- - Four-beam Systems
- - Achromatic Systems
- - Three-beam Interferometer
- - ±45° Gratings
4.8 Transmission Systems
4.9 Specimen Gratings
- - Replication
- - The Mold
- - Alignment of Specimen Gratings
- - Curved Surfaces
- - Zero-thickness Gratings and High-temperature Gratings
4.10 Fringe Counting
- - Sign of Fringe Gradient: Experimental Method
4.11 Strain Analysis
4.12 In-plane Rigid-body Rotations
4.13 Carrier Fringes
4.14 Fringe Vectors
4.15 Anomalies and Subtraction of Uniform Gradients
4.16 Two-body Problems, Bridges
4.17 Coping with the Initial Field
4.18 Optical Filtering
4.19 Sensitivity to Out-of-plane Motion
- - Black Holes and Out-of-Plane Slopes
4.20 Coping with Vibrations
4.21 Variations of Moiré Interferometry
- - Replication of Deformed Specimen Gratings
- - Replication for Thermal Strains
- - Moiré Fringe Multiplication
- - Multiplication by One
4.22 Mechanical Differentiation
4.23 Comments on Data Analysis
4.24 Shear Lag and the Thickness of Specimen Gratings
4.25 References
4.26 Key Relationships
4.27 Exercises

5 Microscopic Moiré Interferometry: Very High Sensitivity
5.1 Introduction
- - Scope and Summary
5.2 The Immersion Interferometer
- - Sensitivity in a Refractive Medium
- - Optical Configurations
- - Four-beam Immersion Interferometer
5.3 Optical/Digital Fringe Multiplication
- - Fringe Shifting
- - Fringe Sharpening and Multiplication: Physical Analysis
- - Mathematical Analysis
- - Implications of the Analyses
5.4 Shear Lag and Grating Thickness
5.5 References
5.6 Exercises

6 On the Limits of Moiré Interferometry
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Warped Wave Front Model
6.3 Fourier Wave Front Model
6.4 Strain Fields
6.5 Boundary Effects, Discontinuities
6.6 Spatial Resolution
6.7 Displacement Resolution
6.8 Strain and Gage Length
- - Strain Resolution
6.9 Dynamic Range
6.10 Absolute Accuracy
6.11 Summary
6.12 References
- II

7 Laminated Composites in Compression: Free-edge Effects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 In-plane Compression, Quasi-isotropic Specimen
- - Carrier Fringes
7.3 In-plane Compression, Cross-ply Specimen
7.4 Interlaminar Compression, Quasi-isotropic Specimen
7.5 Interlaminar Compression, Cross-ply Specimen
- - Out-of-plane Displacements
- - Normal Strains ex, Microscopic Study
7.6 References
7.7 Exercises

8 Thermal Stresses Near the Interface of a Bimaterial Joint
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Experiments
- - Experimental Method
- - Relationships and Notation
- - Elevated Temperature Replication
- - Extracting the Coefficients of Expansion
8.3 Stress Analysis
- - ?y within the Interface Zone
8.4 Experiments by Microscopic Moiré Interferometry
8.5 Comments
8.6 References
8.7 Exercises

9 Textile Composites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Woven Textile Composites
- - Data Reduction and Results
9.3 Braided Textile Composites
9.4 Open Hole Tension
9.5 Compact Moiré Interferometer
9.6 References
9.7 Exercises

10 Thermal Deformations in Electronic Packaging
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Grating Replication
10.3 Controlled-Collapse Chip Connection (C4)
- - Ceramic Chip Carrier
- - Organic Chip Carrier
10.4 Solder Ball Connection
10.5 Low Temperature Application
- - Replication of Deformed Grating
10.6 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
10.7 References
10.8 Exercises

11 Advanced Composites Studies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ceramic Composites
- - Delamination of Specimen Gratings
11.3 Creep
11.4 Metal-Matrix Composite
11.5 Residual Stresses
11.6 Thermal Strains, Residual Strains
- - Micromechanics:
- - Thermal Deformation of Boron/Aluminum
11.7 Simulation
11.8 Wavy Plies
11.9 References
11.10 Exercises

12 Metallurgy, Fracture, Dynamic Loading
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Metallurgy
- - Elastic-plastic Joint
- - Weld Defects
- - Micromechanics: Grain Deformations
- - Tube-plate Joints
12.3 Fracture
- - Plastic Wake, Damage Wake
- - The J Integral
- - Micromechanics: Crack Arrest
- - Interior Strains, Stress Freezing
12.4 Dynamic Moiré Interferometry
- - Equipment
- - Wave Propagation in a Composite Laminate
12.5 References
12.6 Exercises

13 Strain Standard for Calibration of Electrical Strain Gages
13.1 Introduction
- - The Calibration Factor
13.2 The Specimen Grating
13.3 Apparatus and Basic Procedure
- - The Interferometer
- - Experimental Procedure: Basic Description
- - The Optical System
13.4 Tuning the Optical System
- - Symmetry
- - Circulation
- - Specimen Plane
- - Collimation
13.5 Mechanical Systems
- - Method of Attachment
- - Fringe Shifting Device
- - Beam Deflection Device
13.6 Calibration of the Specimen Grating
13.7 Strain Gage Instrumentation
13.8 Systematic Errors, Uncertainties
- - Additional Considerations
13.9 The Experiment: Data Sequence, Computations and Results
13.10 Accuracy
13.11 Gage Factor Measurements
13.12 Future Refinements
13.13 References
13.14 Exercises
- Appendices
- A Shadow Moiré with Enhanced Sensitivity
- A.1 Introduction
- A.2 Shadow Moiré with O/DFM
- A.3 In-plane Geometric Moiré with O/DFM
- A.4 Reference
- B Submaster Grating Molds
- B.1 Introduction
- B.2 Production of Silicone Rubber Submasters
- B.3 Production of Epoxy Submasters
- B.4 Application of the Reflective Film
- B.5 References
- C Adhesives for Replication of Specimen Gratings
- C.1 Adhesives
- C.2 Addresses