Identification of Lichen Substances

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Short History of the Study of Lichen Substances.- 1.2 General Meaning of Lichen Substances and Their Use in Past and Present Time.- 1.2.1 Biological Activities of Lichen Substances.- 1.2.2 Use of Lichens in Folk Medicine.- 1.2.3 Lichens as Raw Material for Dyes.- 1.2.4 Lichens as Basic Material for Perfume.- 1.2.5 The Biological Meaning of Lichen Substances.- 1.2.6 Lichens as Biomonitors.- 1.2.7 Lichens as Biodeterioration.- 1.2.8 Chemotaxonomy of Lichens.- 1.3 Culture of Lichens and Their Symbionts.- 2 Identification of Lichen Substances.- 2.1 Extraction and Purification of Lichen Substances.- 2.2 Melting Point.- 2.3 Colour Reactions and Other Reactions for the Identification of Lichen Substances.- 2.4 UV Spectroscopy.- 2.4.1 Depsides.- 2.4.2 Depsidones.- 2.4.3 ?-Lactones.- 2.4.4 Chromones and Xanthones.- 2.4.5 Dibenzofuranes.- 2.4.6 Pulvinic Acid Derivatives.- 2.4.7 Quinones.- 2.5 IR Spectroscopy.- 2.6 NMR Spectroscopy.- 2.6.1 1H-NMR Spectroscopy.- 2.6.2 13C-NMR Spectroscopy.- 2.7 Mass Spectrometry.- 2.8 Optical Rotation.- 2.9 Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD) and Circular Dichroism (CD).- 2.10 Microcrystallization.- 2.11 Thin Layer Chromatography.- 2.12 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).- 2.13 Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC).- 2.14 X-Ray Analysis.- 2.15 Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry (LAMMA).- 2.16 Derivatization.- 2.17 Cleavage of Depsides.- 3 Data of Lichen Substances.- 3.1 General Remarks and Abbreviations of the Data.- 3.2 N-Containing Compounds.- 3.3 P-Containing Compounds.- 3.4 S-Containing Compounds.- 3.5 Polyols, Monosaccharides, Carbohydrates.- 3.6 Aliphatic and Cycloaliphatic Compounds.- 3.6.1 Neutral Compounds.- 3.6.2 Acids.- 3.7 Aromatic Compounds.- 3.7.1 Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds.- 3.8 Quinones.- 3.8.1 Benzoquinones.- 3.8.2 Naphthaquinones and bis-Naphthaquinones.- 3.8.3 Anthraquinones, Anthrones, bis-Anthraquinones and bis-Anthrones.- 3.8.4 Biphenylquinones.- 3.8.5 Terphenylquinones.- 3.8.6