Handbook of Large Hydro Generators

Preface xi
 
About the Authors xv
 
Acknowledgments xvii
 
Chapter 1 Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines 1
 
1.1 Introduction to Basic Notions on Electric Power 1
 
1.2 Electrical-Mechanical Equivalence 6
 
1.3 Alternating Current (AC) 6
 
1.4 Three-Phase Circuits 13
 
1.5 Basic Principles of Machine Operation 14
 
1.6 The Synchronous Machine 18
 
1.7 Synchronous Machine: Basic Operation 23
 
Chapter 2 Generator Design and Construction 35
 
2.1 Stator Core 36
 
2.2 Stator Frame 50
 
2.3 Electromagnetics 54
 
2.4 Core-End Heating 62
 
2.5 Flux and Armature Reaction 62
 
2.6 Stator Core and Frame Forces 64
 
2.7 Stator Windings 65
 
2.8 Stator Winding Wedges 79
 
2.9 Endwinding Support Systems 85
 
2.10 Stator Winding Configurations 86
 
2.11 Stator Terminal Connections 88
 
2.12 Rotor Rim 91
 
2.13 Rotor Spider/Drum 103
 
2.14 Rotor Pole Body 106
 
2.15 Rotor Winding and Insulation 110
 
2.16 Amortisseur Winding 116
 
2.17 Slip/Collector Rings and Brush Gear 119
 
2.18 Cooling Air 122
 
2.19 Rotor Fans/Blower 124
 
2.20 Rotor Inertia, Torque, and Torsional Stress 125
 
2.21 Thrust and Guide Bearings 128
 
Chapter 3 Generator Auxiliary Systems 157
 
3.1 Oil Systems 157
 
3.2 Stator Surface Air Cooling System 161
 
3.3 Bearing Cooling Coils and Water Supply 165
 
3.4 Stator Winding Direct Cooling Water System 167
 
3.5 Excitation Systems 171
 
3.6 Excitation System Performance Characteristics 174
 
Chapter 4 Operation and Control 177
 
4.1 Basic Operating Parameters 177
 
4.2 Operating Modes 188
 
4.3 Machine Curves 190
 
4.4 Special Operating Conditions 200
 
4.5 Basic Operation Concepts 208
 
4.6 System Considerations 225
 
4.7

GLENN MOTTERSHEAD, PEng, is a Principle Engineer at HDR and an IEEE Life Member, has served on numerous IEEE electric machinery committees and standards working groups, with 45 years of experience in all aspects of design, installation, testing, troubleshooting, modernizing and uprating of large synchronous generators.
 
STEFANO BOMBEN, PEng, is a large hydro generator engineer specialist in Ontario, Canada, with over 29 years of experience at a major Ontario utility. His experience includes new generator specifications and installations, rewinds, failure repairs, testing, troubleshooting, and maintenance practices. He has served on numerous IEEE committees and standards working groups relating to large hydro generators and insulation systems.
 
ISIDOR KERSZENBAUM, PHD, is a generator specialist in Irvine, CA, consulting with power plants on operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of large motors and generators. He is also an IEEE Fellow.
 
GEOFF KLEMPNER, PEng, is a large generator engineer specialist in the power industry and has served on numerous IEEE committees and standards working groups for large generators. He is also an IEEE Fellow and a contributor to CIGRE on large rotating electrical machines.

Hydro generators have been an essential part of the world's electrical supply for over 100 years and have a power output up to about 1,000 MW. To our knowledge, this is the first book that is specifically focused on how to operate, test, and maintain such machines. This book has a similar format to the well-regarded book Handbook of Large Turbo Generator Operation and Maintenance, written by two of the authors of the hydro generator book (Kerszenbaum and Klempner). This book will be of interest to readers of this magazine because there is a significant focus on the electrical insulation used in hydro generator rotor and stator windings. The main authors are Mottershead and Bomben, who have extensive experience in hydro generator design and operation, respectively. These authors are well known from published papers and their work on IEEE standards working groups. Bomben is currently the chair of the Board of Governors for the IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference.
 
Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of large salient-pole hydro generators and pumped-storage generators. It first presents the physics and design of large vertical salient-pole generators. The book then offers readers real-world experience, problem description, and solutions, while teaching them about the design, modernization, inspections, maintenance, and operation of salient-pole machines. One of the best aspects are the explanations of what to look for when doing inspections of the rotor and stators. The book also covers generator protection and auxiliary systems inspection. The final two chapters are dedicated to maintenance and testing, and maintenance philosophies, upgrades, and uprates. Perhaps in a future version of this book they will discuss how to repair hydro generators in more detail. The handbook includes over 420 full color photos and 180 illustrations, forms, and tables