Introduction to Wireless Systems

Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Authors xvii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Overview 1 System Description 4 Historical Perspective 10 Systems Engineering and the Role of the Systems Engineer 12 Chapter 2: The Radio Link 17 Introduction 17 Transmitting and Receiving Electromagnetic Waves 18 Isotropic Radiation 20 Antenna Radiation Patterns 22 The Range Equation 28 Thermal Noise and Receiver Analysis 34 Optimizing the Energy Transmission System 61 Conclusions 70 Problems 70 Chapter 3: Channel Characteristics 77 Introduction 77 Macroscopic Models 1: Reflection from the Earth's Surface 79 Macroscopic Models 2: Empirical Models 86 Macroscopic Models 3: Log-Normal Shadowing 95 Microscopic Models 1: Multipath Propagation and Fading 100 Microscopic Models 2: Statistical Models for Multipath Propagation 106 Microscopic Models 3: A Two-Ray Model with a Moving Receiver 121 Microscopic Models 4: A Statistical Model with a Moving Receiver 129 Area Coverage 132 The Link Budget 137 Conclusions 139 Problems 141 Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Coverage: Systems Engineering and Design 149 Motivation 149 Requirements Assessment and System Architecture 150 Cellular Concepts 153 Estimation of Interference Levels 167 Cellular System Planning and Engineering 173 Operational Considerations 183 Traffic Engineering, Trunking, and Grade of Service 187 Conclusions 194 Problems 196 Chapter 5: Digital Signaling Principles 203 Introduction 203 Carrier-Based Signaling 226 Spread-Spectrum Signaling 267 Conclusions 278 Problems 280 Chapter 6: Access Methods 287 Introduction 287 Channel Access in Cellular Systems 290 Frequency-Division Multiple Access 295 Time-Division Multiple Access 300 Code-Division Multiple Access 306 Contention-Based Multiple Access 325 Conclusions 335 Problems 337 Chapter 7: Information Sources 343 Introduction 343 Information Sources and Their Characterization 346 Digitization of Speech Signals 355 Coding for Error Correction 376 Conclusions 389 Problems 392 Chapter 8: Putting

Bruce A. Black completed his B.S. at Columbia University, his S.M. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his Ph.D. at the University of California at Berkeley, all in electrical engineering. Since 1983 he has been on the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in Terre Haute, Indiana, where he has been advisor to Tau Beta Pi and is advisor to the Amateur Radio club (W9NAA). His interests are in communications, wireless systems, and signal processing. He has developed a variety of courses and laboratories in the signal processing and communications areas, including a junior-level laboratory in communication systems and a senior elective in wireless systems. In 2004 he was named Wireless Educator of the Year by the Global Wireless Education Consortium. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu, and Sigma Xi. Philip S. DiPiazza received a B.E.E from Manhattan College in 1964, an M.E. in electrical engineering from New York University in 1965, and a Ph.D. (electrical engineering) from the Polytechnic Institute of New York in 1976. His career spans more than 40 years of professional experience in industry, academe, and private practice. During the first ten years of his career, he was a systems engineer engaged in the development of advanced airborne radar systems at the Norden Division of United Technologies. He joined Bell Laboratories (AT&T) in 1977, where, as a systems engineer and technical manager, he was engaged in the development of cellular mobile telephone (AMPS) and later wireless PBX systems. Dr. DiPiazza was responsible for the system integration and test of the first North American deployment of AMPS. SInce retiring from AT&T Labs in 1998, he has served as an industry management consultant, Executive Director at Rutgers WINLAB, and Vice President and General Manager of the Melbourne Division of SAFCO Technologies, Inc. As a Visiting Professor at the Florida Institute of