Laparoscopy and Imaging Techniques

I Progress in Laparoscopy.- 1 New Instruments.- 1.1 Fine Needles for Pneumoperitoneum.- 1.1.1 Veress Needle.- 1.1.2 Fine Needle.- 1.1.3 Conclusions.- 1.2 Laparoscopy with Flexible Instruments.- 1.2.1 Fiberscope Used as a Laparoscope.- 1.2.2 Rigid Laparoscope with a Mobile Head.- 1.2.3 Conclusions.- 1.3 Bio-Plug.- 1.3.1 Instrument and Technique.- 1.3.2 Results.- 1.3.3 Conclusions.- 2 Integration of Laparoscopy with Sonography.- 2.1 Echolaparoscopy.- 2.1.1 Instruments.- 2.1.2 Technique.- 2.1.3 Results.- 2.1.4 Clinical Applications.- 2.1.5 Practical Value.- 2.1.6 Conclusions.- 2.2 Sonography for Laparoscopy.- 2.2.1 Sonography Before Pneumoperitoneum.- 2.2.2 Sonography After Pneumoperitoneum.- 2.2.3 Sonography After Laparoscopy.- 2.2.4 Conclusions.- 3 Technical Innovations.- 3.1 Laparoscopic Exploration of the Pancreas.- 3.1.1 Technique.- 3.1.2 Interpretation of Laparoscopic Findings.- 3.1.3 Present Value.- 3.1.4 Conclusions.- 3.2 Operative Laparoscopy.- 3.2.1 Technique.- 3.2.2 Lysis of Adhesions for Diagnostic Purposes.- 3.2.3 Lysis of Algogenic Adhesions.- 3.2.4 Puncturing and Drainage of Cystic Formations.- 3.2.5 Puncturing and Drainage of Abscesses.- 3.2.6 Endoscopic Operations for Laparoscopic Accidents.- 3.2.7 Conclusions.- 3.3 Laparoscopy in Patients with Possible Endoabdominal Adhesions.- 3.3.1 Risks.- 3.3.2 Results.- 3.3.3 Conclusions.- 3.4 Laparoscopic Biopsy.- 3.4.1 Biopsy of Peritoneum, Mesentery, and Omentum.- 3.4.2 Liver Biopsy.- 3.4.3 Pancreas Biopsy.- 3.4.4 Splenic Biopsy.- 3.5 Disinfection of Instruments.- 3.5.1 Current Precautions and Disinfection Procedures.- 3.5.2 Conclusions.- II Present Uses of Laparoscopy.- 4 Traditional Indications for Laparoscopy.- 4.1 Ascites.- 4.1.1 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 4.1.2 False Ascites.- 4.1.3 Conclusions.- 4.2 Hepatomegaly.- 4.2.1 False Hepatomegaly.- 4.2.2 Conclusions.- 4.3 Splenomegaly.- 4.3.1 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 4.3.2 Main Laparoscopic Findings.- 4.3.3 Conclusions.- 4.4 Abdominal