Mathematics in Society and History

Prologue. Part I: Introduction. 1. Mathematics and Culture. An introduction to Oswald Spengler's pioneering work on `numbers and culture' in The Decline of the West. This is the source of a `weak' sociology of mathematical traditions, and a `strong' sociology of mathematics as a social world (mathematics as social relations and worldview). The `weak' perspective guides the discussion in Part II, the `strong' perspective guides the discussion in Part III. 2. Mathematics from the Ground Up. The Social activities of everyday life in ancient societies give rise to arithmetic and geometry, the classical forms of mathematical work. Part II: Mathematical Traditions. 3. The Mathematics of Survival in China. From the legend of Yu the Great and the Lo River tortoise to the `golden age' in T'ang. 4. Mathematics in Context: The Arabic-Islamic Golden Age. A `golden age of mathematics' (700-1400 in the Arabic-Islamic world) is sketched with an emphasis on historical conditions and cultural settings. 5. Indian Mathematics: A History of Episodes. Sociological highlights from the history of Indian mathematics. 6. Mathematics and Renaissance in Japan. The seventeenth century `renaissance' makes Japan a center of oriental mathematical work; the mathematical revolution ends abruptly with the consolidation of power by the Tokugawa shoguns. 7. Conflict, Social Change, and Mathematics in Europe. `Scandals' are shown to reflect transitions to new conditions of competition and conflict: the cases of Cardan and Tartaglia (1540s), Newton and Leibniz (1670-1730), and Cauchy, Abel, and Galois (1826-1832) represent key transitional scandals from the `robber baron' era. The Cantor-Kronecker case (late nineteenth century) represents a transition from the robber baron era to the era of `saintly politicians' who emphasize the collective side of science in an era of competition between `schools' of mathematics. The group of mathematicians known as Bourbaki is a key example. Appendix 1: African