Nondestructive Testing of Deep Foundations

FOREWORD.

PREFACE.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS.

1 INTRODUCTION AND A BRIEF HISTORY.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 A Brief History of Deep Foundations and the Advent of NDT.
1.3 Deep Foundation Failures and ND.
1.4 Deficiencies in Existing Foundations.

2 COMMONLY USED DEEP FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION METHODS.
2.1 Driven Piles - Timber, Steel and Concrete.
2.2 Caissons and Drilled Shafts.
2.3 Diaphragm Walls, Cut-off Walls and Barrettes.
2.4 Augured, Cast-in-place Pile.
2.5 Micropiles or Minipiles.
2.6 Stone Columns and other Soil Improvement Techniques.

3 HOW SOILS AFFECT THE CHOICE OF FOUNDATION TYPE.

4 TRADITIONAL, VISUAL AND NEW INSPECTION METHODS FOR DEEP FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION.
1.1 Driven Piles.
4.2 Augured Cast-in-place Piles.
4.3 Drilled Shafts.
4.4 The Inspector's Role.

5 A REVIEW OF FULL-SCALE LOAD-TESTING TECHNIQUES.
5.1 Static Load-test Techniques - Axial Compression.
5.2 Static Load-test Techniques - Axial Tension.
5.3 Static Load-test Techniques - Lateral.

6 HIGH-STRAIN TESTING FOR CAPACITY AND/OR INTEGRITY.
6.1 High-strain Dynamic (Drop-weight) Testing of Driven Piles.
6.2 High-strain Testing of Drilled Shafts and Augered, Cast-in-place Piles.
6.3 Modification of Shaft Head for High-strain Tests.
6.4 Practical Considerations for Drop-weight Techniques.
6.5 HSDT Alternatives.
6.6 Limitations of High-strain Dynamic Testing.

7 LOW-STRAIN SURFACE TESTS - SONIC ECHO.
7.1 Sonic Echo (Impulse Echo).

8 SONIC MOBILITY (IMPULSE RESPONSE).
8.1 Principles of Impulse-Response Curve Interpretation.
8.2 Practical Considerations.
8.3 Classification of Signal Responses.
8.4 Pile Simulation Techniques.
8.5 Time Domain-Velocity Reflectors.

9 THE IMPEDANCE-LOG ANALYSIS.

10 LOW-STRAIN DOWN-HOLE TESTS.
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Cross-Hole Sonic Logging.
10.3 Cross-Hole Tomography.
10.4 Single-Hole Sonic Logging.
10.5 Gamma-Gamma Logging.
10.6 Parallel Seismic

BERNARD H. HERTLEIN, M.ASCE
Bernard Hertlein started his professional career as a mechanical engineering student but soon realized that he had a natural affinity for electronics. After working professionally with automotive electronic systems and pursuing audio engineering as a hobby for several years, he migrated through audio engineering to instrumentation of civil engineering structures and finally to nondestructive testing. After joining Testconsult, the English subsidiary of the French National Center for Building and Civil Engineering Research (CEBTP), Mr Hertlein became deeply involved with the development of both the software and the hardware for several nondestructive test techniques for deep foundations that are now in common use worldwide. He worked on construction testing projects throughout Europe, HongKong, parts of North Africa and the United States, eventually settling in the United States, where he and Allen Davis introduced the Cross-hole Sonic-Logging technique, the Parallel-Seismic test and the Impulse-Response (Sonic-Mobility) test in the mid 1980s.
In 1992, Mr Hertlein joined STS Consultants, based inVernon Hills, Illinois, where he has continued to design and build test equipment and research new applications for the test techniques that he had helped to introduce to the United States. Mr Hertlein is an active member of several key professional societies. At the time of writing this book, he is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Chairman of the Nondestructive and In-place Testing Committee of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C9-64), Chairman of the Testing and Evaluation Committee of the Deep Foundations Institute, and Secretary of the Nondestructive Testing Committee of the American Concrete Institute (ACI 228). He also serves as a member of ACI Committee 336: Footings, Mats and Drilled Piers, ASTM Committee C9-47:Self-Consolidating Concrete, D18-11: Deep Foundations and G9-14: Corrosion of Reinforcing