Odom, W: Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 200-101

channel-group Command 68 Configuration Checks Before Adding Interfaces to EtherChannels 70 Exam Preparation Tasks 73 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 73 Chapter 3 Troubleshooting LAN Switching 77 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 77 Foundation Topics 78 Generalized Troubleshooting Methodologies 78 Analyzing and Predicting Normal Network Operation 79 Data Plane Analysis 79 Control Plane Analysis 81 Predicting Normal Operations: Summary of the Process 81 Problem Isolation 82 Root Cause Analysis 83 Real World Versus the Exams 84 Troubleshooting the LAN Switching Data Plane 84 An Overview of the Normal LAN Switch Forwarding Process 85 Step 1: Confirm the Network Diagrams Using CDP 86 Step 2: Isolate Interface Problems 88 Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States 88 The notconnect State and Cabling Pinouts 90 Determining Switch Interface Speed and Duplex 91 Issues Related to Speed and Duplex 92 Step 3: Isolate Filtering and Port Security Problems 94 Step 4: Isolate VLAN and Trunking Problems 98 Ensuring That the Right Access Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs 98 Access VLANs Not Being Defined or Not Being Active 100 Identify Trunks and VLANs Forwarded on Those Trunks 100 Troubleshooting Examples and Exercises 102 Troubleshooting Example 1: Find Existing LAN Data Plane Problems 103 Step 1: Verify the Accuracy of the Diagram Using CDP 104 Step 2: Check for Interface Problems 105 Step 3: Check for Port Security Problems 107 Step 4: Check for VLAN and VLAN Trunk Problems 109 Troubleshooting Example 2: Predicting LAN Data Plane Behavior 112 PC1 ARP Request (Broadcast) 113 R1 ARP Reply (Unicast) 116 Exam Preparation Tasks 121 Answers to Troubleshooting Example 1 121 Part I Review 124 Part II: IP Version 4 Routing 129 Chapter 4 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part I 131 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 131 Foundation Topics 132 Predicting Normal IPv4 Routing Behavior 132 Host IPv4 Routing Logic 132 Routing Logic Used by IPv4 Routers 133 IP Routing Logic on a Single Router 134 IP Routing from Host to Host 135 Building New Data Link Headers Using ARP Information 136 Problem Isolation Using the ping Command 137 Ping Command Basics 138 Strategies and Results When Testing with the ping Command 139 Testing Longer Routes from Near the Source of the Problem 139 Using Extended Ping to Test the Reverse Route 142 Testing LAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 144 Testing LAN Neighbors with Extended Ping 145 Testing WAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 145 Using Ping with Names and with IP Addresses 146 Problem Isolation Using the traceroute Command 147 traceroute Basics 147 How the traceroute Command Works 148 Standard and Extended traceroute 150 Using traceroute to Isolate the Problem to Two Routers 151 Exam Preparation Tasks 154 Chapter 5 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part II 157 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 157 Foundation Topics 158 Problems Between the Host and the Default Router 158 Root Causes Based on a Host's IPv4 Settings 158 Ensure IPv4 Settings Correctly Match 158 Mismatched Masks Impact Route to Reach Subnet 160 Typical Root Causes of DNS Problems 161 Wrong Default Router IP Address Setting 163 Root Causes Based on the Default Router's Configuration 163 Mismatched VLAN Trunking Configuration with Router on a Stick 163 DHCP Relay Issues 166 Router LAN Interface and LAN Issues 167 Problems with Routing Packets Between Routers 169 IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route 170 Using show ip route and Subnet Math to Find the Best Route 170 Using show ip route address to Find the Best Route 172 show ip route Reference 172 Routing Problems Caused by Incorrect Addressing Plans 174 Recognizing When VLSM Is Used or Not 174 Overlaps When Not Using VLSM 174 Overlaps When Using VLSM 176 Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets 177 Router WAN Interface Status 178 Filtering Packets with Access Lists 178 Exam Preparation Tasks 181 Chapter 6 Creating Redundant First-Hop Routers 183 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 183 Foundation Topics 186 FHRP Concepts 186 The Need for Redundancy in Networks 186 The Need for a First Hop Redundancy Protocol 188 The Three Solutions for First-Hop Redundancy 189 HSRP Concepts 190 HSRP Failover 191 HSRP Load Balancing 192 GLBP Concepts 193 FHRP Configuration and Verification 195 Configuring and Verifying HSRP 195 Configuring and Verifying GLBP 198 Exam Preparation Tasks 202 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 202 Chapter 7 Virtual Private Networks 205 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 205 Foundation Topics 207 VPN Fundamentals 207 IPsec VPNs 209 SSL VPNs 211 GRE Tunnels 212 GRE Tunnel Concepts 212 Routing over GRE Tunnels 213 GRE Tunnels over the Unsecured Network 214 Configuring GRE Tunnels 216 Verifying a GRE Tunnel 218 Exam Preparation Tasks 221 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 221 Part II Review 224 Part III: IP Version 4 Routing Protocols 229 Chapter 8 Implementing OSPF for IPv4 231 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 231 Foundation Topics 234 OSPF Protocols and Operation 234 OSPF Overview 234 Becoming Neighbors and Exchanging the LSDB 235 Agreeing to Become Neighbors 236 Fully Exchanging LSAs with Neighbors 237 Maintaining Neighbors and the LSDB 238 Using Designated Routers on Ethernet Links 239 Scaling OSPF Using Areas 240 OSPF Areas 241 How Areas Reduce SPF Calculation Time 242 OSPF Area Design Advantages 243 Link-State Advertisements 244 Router LSAs Build Most of the Intra-Area Topology 245 Network LSAs Complete the Intra-Area Topology 245 LSAs in a Multi-Area Design 247 Calculating the Best Routes with SPF 248 Administrative Distance 250 OSPF Configuration and Verification 251 OSPFv2 Configuration Overview 251 Multi-Area OSPFv2 Configuration Example 252 Single-Area Configurations 254 Multi-Area Configuration 255 Verifying the Multi-Area Configuration 256 Verifying the Correct Areas on Each Interface on an ABR 256 Verifying Which Router Is DR and BDR 257 Verifying the Number and Type of LSAs 258 Verifying OSPF Routes 259 OSPF Metrics (Cost) 259 Setting the Cost Based on Interface Bandwidth 260 The Need for a Higher Reference Bandwidth 261 OSPF Load Balancing 262 Exam Preparation Tasks 263 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 264 Chapter 9 Understanding EIGRP Concepts 267 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 267 Foundation Topics 269 EIGRP and Distance Vector Routing Protocols 269 Introduction to EIGRP 269 Basic Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features 271 The Concept of a Distance and a Vector 271 Full Update Messages and Split Horizon 273 Route Poisoning 275 EIGRP as an Advanced DV Protocol 276 EIGRP Sends Partial Update Messages, As Needed 276 EIGRP Maintains Neighbor Status Using Hello 276 Summary of Interior Routing Protocol Features 277 EIGRP Concepts and Operation 278 EIGRP Neighbors 278 Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information 279 Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table 280 The EIGRP Metric Calculation 280 An Example of Calculated EIGRP Metrics 281 Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links 283 EIGRP Convergence 284 Feasible Distance and Reported Distance 284 EIGRP Successors and Feasible Successors 285 The Query and Reply Process 287 Exam Preparation Tasks 288 Chapter 10 Implementing EIGRP for IPv4 291 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 291 Foundation Topics 294 Core EIGRP Configuration and Verification 294 EIGRP Configuration 294 Configuring EIGRP Using a Wildcard Mask 296 Verifying EIGRP Core Features 296 Finding the Interfaces on Which EIGRP is Enabled 297 Displaying EIGRP Neighbor Status 300 Displaying the IPv4 Routing Table 301 EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors 302 Viewing the EIGRP Topology Table 303 Finding Successor Routes 305 Finding Feasible Successor Routes 306 Convergence Using the Feasible Successor Route 308 Examining the Metric Components 310 Other EIGRP Configuration Settings 311 Load Balancing Across Multiple EIGRP Routes 311 Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation 313 Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks 314 Automatic Summarization at the Boundary of a Classful Network 314 Discontiguous Classful Networks 315 Exam Preparation Tasks 318 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 318 Chapter 11 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Protocols 323 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 323 Foundation Topics 324 Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems 324 Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol 325 EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting 327 Examining Working EIGRP Interfaces 327 Examining the Problems with EIGRP Interfaces 330 OSPF Interface Troubleshooting 332 Neighbor Relationships 335 EIGRP Neighbor Verification Checks 337 EIGRP Neighbor Troubleshooting Example 338 OSPF Neighbor Troubleshooting 339 Finding Area Mismatches 341 Finding Duplicate OSPF Router IDs 342 Finding OSPF Hello and Dead Timer Mismatches 343 Other OSPF Issues 345 Mismatched OSPF Network Types 345 Mismatched MTU Settings 346 Exam Preparation Tasks 348 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 348 Part III Review 352 Part IV: Wide-Area Networks 357 Chapter 12 Implementing Point-to-Point WANs 359 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 359 Foundation Topics 362 Leased Line WANs with HDLC 362 Layer 1 Leased Lines 363 The Physical Components of a Leased Line 363 Leased Lines and the T-Carrier System 365 The Role of the CSU/DSU 367 Building a WAN Link in a Lab 367 Layer 2 Leased Lines with HDLC 368 Configuring HDLC 370 Leased-Line WANs with PPP 373 PPP Concepts 373 PPP Framing 374 PPP Control Protocols 374 PPP Authentication 375 Configuring PPP 376 CHAP Configuration and Verification 377 Troubleshooting Serial Links 378 Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems 379 Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems 380 Keepalive Failure 381 PAP and CHAP Authentication Failure 382 Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems 383 Exam Preparation Tasks 386 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 386 Chapter 13 Understanding Frame Relay Concepts 389 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 389 Foundation Topics 392 Frame Relay Overview 392 Virtual Circuits 394 LMI and Encapsulation Types 396 Frame Relay Encapsulation and Framing 397 Frame Relay Addressing 398 Frame Relay Local Addressing 398 Frame Forwarding with One DLCI Field 399 Network Layer Addressing with Frame Relay 401 Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs 401 Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC 402 Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach 404 Exam Preparation Tasks 406 Chapter 14 Implementing Frame Relay 409 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 409 Foundation Topics 412 Frame Relay Configuration and Verification 412 Planning a Frame Relay Configuration 412 Configuring Using Physical Interfaces and One IP Subnet 413 Configuring the Encapsulation and LMI 415 Frame Relay Address Mapping 416 Configuring Point-to-Point Subinterfaces 421 Configuring with Multipoint Subinterfaces 426 OSPF Issues on Frame Relay Multipoint and Physical Interfaces 429 Frame Relay Troubleshooting 430 A Suggested Frame Relay Troubleshooting Process 430 Layer 1 Issues on the Access Link (Step 1) 432 Layer 2 Issues on the Access Link (Step 2) 432 PVC Problems and Status (Step 3) 433 Frame Relay Mapping Issues (Step 4) 440 End-to-End Encapsulation (Step 5) 441 Mismatched Subnet Numbers (Step 6) 441 Exam Preparation Tasks 442 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 442 Chapter 15 Identifying Other Types of WANs 445 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 445 Foundation Topics 447 Private WANs to Connect Enterprises 447 Leased Lines 447 Frame Relay 449 Ethernet WANs 449 MPLS 451 VSAT 452 Public WANs and Internet Access 453 Internet Access (WAN) Links 453 Dial Access with Modems and ISDN 454 Digital Subscriber Line 456 Cable Internet 457 Mobile Phone Access with 3G/4G 459 PPP over Ethernet 460 Exam Preparation Tasks 463 Part IV Review 464 Part V: IP Version 6 469 Chapter 16 Troubleshooting IPv6 Routing 471 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 471 Foundation Topics 472 Normal IPv6 Operation 472 Unicast IPv6 Addresses and IPv6 Subnetting 472 Assigning Addresses to Hosts 475 Stateful DHCPv6 475 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 476 Router Address and Static Route Configuration 477 Configuring IPv6 Routing and Addresses on Routers 477 IPv6 Static Routes on Routers 478 Verifying IPv6 Connectivity 479 Verifying Connectivity from IPv6 Hosts 479 Verifying IPv6 from Routers 481 Troubleshooting IPv6 483 Pings from the Host Work Only in Some Cases 484 Pings Fail from a Host to Its Default Router 486 Problems Using Any Function That Requires DNS 487 Host Is Missing IPv6 Settings: Stateful DHCP Issues 488 Host Is Missing IPv6 Settings: SLAAC Issues 489 Traceroute Shows Some Hops, But Fails 490 Routing Looks Good, But Traceroute Still Fails 492 Exam Preparation Tasks 494 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 495 Chapter 17 Implementing OSPF for IPv6 499 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 499 Foundation Topics 502 OSPFv3 Configuration 502 OSPFv3 ICND1 Configuration Review 502 Example Multi-Area OSPFv3 Configuration 503 Single Area Configuration on the Three Internal Routers 504 Adding Multi-Area Configuration on the Area Border Router 506 Other OSPFv3 Configuration Settings 507 Setting OSPFv3 Interface Cost to Influence Route Selection 507 OSPF Load Balancing 508 Injecting Default Routes 508 OSPF Concepts, Verification, and Troubleshooting 509 OSPFv3 Interfaces 511 Verifying OSPFv3 Interfaces 511 Troubleshooting OSPFv3 Interfaces 512 OSPFv3 Neighbors 513 Verifying OSPFv3 Neighbors 513 Troubleshooting OSPFv3 Neighbors 514 OSPFv3 LSDB and LSAs 517 Verifying OSPFv3 LSAs 517 Troubleshooting OSPFv3 LSAs 519 OSPFv3 Metrics and IPv6 Routes 520 Verifying OSPFv3 Interface Cost and Metrics 520 Troubleshooting IPv6 Routes Added by OSPFv3 523 Exam Preparation Tasks 525 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 525 Chapter 18 Implementing EIGRP for IPv6 529 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 529 Foundation Topics 532 EIGRPv6 Configuration 532 EIGRPv6 Configuration Basics 532 EIGRPv6 Configuration Example 533 Other EIGRPv6 Configuration Settings 536 Setting Bandwidth and Delay to Influence EIGRPv6 Route Selection 536 EIGRP Load Balancing 537 EIGRP Timers 538 EIGRPv6 Concepts, Verification, and Troubleshooting 538 EIGRPv6 Interfaces 539 EIGRPv6 Neighbors 541 EIGRPv6 Topology Database 543 EIGRPv6 IPv6 Routes 545 Exam Preparation Tasks 547 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 547 Part V Review 550 Part VI: Network Management 555 Chapter 19 Managing Network Devices 557 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 557 Foundation Topics 560 Simple Network Management Protocol 560 Describing SNMP 560 The Management Information Base 562 Configuring SNMP Version 2c 563 SNMP Version 3 565 System Message Logging (Syslog) 566 An Overview of System Message Logging 566 System Message Format 567 System Message Severity Levels 567 Configuring and Verifying Syslog 568 Using a Syslog Server 569 NetFlow 570 An Overview of NetFlow 570 Network Flows 571 Configuring NetFlow 572 Verifying and Using NetFlow 573 The NetFlow Collector 575 Exam Preparation Tasks 576 Chapter 20 Managing IOS Files 579 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 579 Foundation Topics 581 Managing Cisco IOS Files 581 Upgrading a Cisco IOS Software Image into Flash Memory 581 The Cisco IOS Software Boot Sequence 584 The Three Router Operating Systems 585 The Configuration Register 586 How a Router Chooses Which OS to Load 586 Recovering If the IOS Does Not Load 588 Verifying the IOS Image Using the show version Command 589 Password Recovery 591 The General Ideas Behind Cisco Password Recovery/Reset 591 A Specific Password Reset Example 592 Managing Configuration Files 595 Configuration File Basics 595 Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 597 Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 599 Exam Preparation Tasks 601 Command References 601 Chapter 21 Managing IOS Licensing 605 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 605 Foundation Topics 607 IOS Packaging 607 IOS Images per Model, Series, and per Software Version/Release 607 Original Packaging: One IOS Image per Feature Set Combination 608 New IOS Packaging: One Universal Image with All Feature Sets 609 IOS Software Activation with Universal Images 609 Managing Software Activation with Cisco License Manager 611 Manually Activating Software Using Licenses 612 Example of Manually Activating a License 614 Showing the Current License Status 614 Adding a Permanent Technology Package License 616 Right-to-Use Licenses 618 Exam Preparation Tasks 621 Command Reference to Check Your Memory 621 Part VI Review 624 Part VII: Final Review 627 Chapter 22 Final Review 629 Advice About the Exam Event 629 Learn the Question Types Using the Cisco Certification Exam Tutorial 629 Think About Your Time Budget Versus Numbers of Questions 630 A Suggested Time-Check Method 631 Miscellaneous Pre-Exam Suggestions 631 Exam-Day Advice 632 Exam Review 632 Practice Subnetting and Other Math-Related Skills 633 Take Practice Exams 635 Practicing Taking the ICND2 Exam 635 Practicing Taking the CCNA Exam 636 Advice on How to Answer Exam Questions 638 Taking Other Practice Exams 639 Find Knowledge Gaps Through Question Review 640 Practice Hands-On CLI Skills 642 Review Mind Maps from Part Review 643 Do Labs 643 Other Study Tasks 643 Final Thoughts 644 Part VIII: Appendixes 647 Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables 649 Appendix B ICND2 Exam Updates 657 Glossary 659 DVD-only Appendixes Appendix C Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes Appendix D Memory Tables Appendix E Memory Tables Answer Key Appendix F Mind Map Solutions Appendix G Study Planner 9781587143731 TOC 3/22/2013