Pharmacological Aspects of Drug Dependence
Toward an Integrated Neurobehavioral Approach
(Sprache: Englisch)
With contributions by numerous experts
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Produktinformationen zu „Pharmacological Aspects of Drug Dependence “
With contributions by numerous experts
Klappentext zu „Pharmacological Aspects of Drug Dependence “
Now, in one volume, the latest research from the areas of molcular biology, neurochemistry and behavior analysis of drug abuse and dependence, with, wherever possible, an integration of the data from these various levels of analysis. The ensuing reports point to the complexity of the phenomenon of abuse and dependence and clearly demonstrate that it is determined by a variety of variables from molecular biology and genetics through behavioral history. This complexity is shown, however, to be responsive to rigorous scientific analysis and our success to date gives rise to hope that this distressing public health problem can ultimately be brought under control. Each of the chapters is written by a leading researcher in the field.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Pharmacological Aspects of Drug Dependence “
I. Research in the Study of Drug Action and Addiction1 Genetic Vulnerability to Substance Abuse
A. Heterogeneity of Drug Abuse
I. Etiological Influences
1. Risk Factors
2. Genetic Influences
B. Clinical Studies
I. Family Genetic Studies
1. Alcoholism
2. Other Drug Abuse
II. Levels of Genetic Analysis
1. Factors Affecting Use
2. Metabolism
3. Subjective and Objective Effects
4. Drug Specificity
5. Alternative Modes of Transmission
6. Phenecopies
C. Molecular Studies
I. Selecting Genetic Markers
II. Linkage Analysis
1. Dopamine D2 Receptor Locus
2. Other Genes
D. Animal Studies
I. Animal Models of Drug Taking Behavior
1. Behavioral Pharmacology Approach
2. Behavioral Genetics Approach
II. Genetic Variation in Drug Self-Administration and Drug-Reinforced Behavior
1. Two-Bottle Choice
2. Conditioned Place Preference
3. Intracranial Self-Stimulation
4. Operant Self-Administration
III. Drug-Naive Behaviors as Predictors of Vulnerability
IV. Neurobiological Markers as Predictors of Vulnerability
V. Response to Abused Drugs as Predictors of Vulnerability
E. Summary
- References
2 Integrative Neurobehavioral Pharmacology: Focus on Cocaine
A. Introduction
B. Approaches to Drug Abuse and Dependence
C. A Cocaine Receptor
I. Behavioral Models for Drug Abuse
1. Drug Self-Administration
2. Place Preference
3. Alteration of Threshold for Electrical Brain Stimulation Reinforcement
4. Drugs of Abuse and Endogenous Reward Systems
II. Receptor Binding
III. Interdisciplinary Support for a Dopamine Hypothesis
D. Brain Imaging
E. Molecular Actions of Cocaine
I. Cloning the Dopamine Transporter/Cocaine Receptor
II. Effects of Chronic Cocaine Administration and Withdrawal
F. Conclusions
- References
II. Molecular, Behavioral, and Human Pharmacology of Dependence and Consequences
3 Marihuana
A. Introduction
B. Cellular and Molecular Effects
I. Neurochemistry
1. Effects on Neurotransmitters
2. Receptors
3. Second Messenger and
... mehr
Other Transduction Mechanisms
4. Integration of Systems
C. General Pharmacology
I. Pharmacokinetics
1. Absorption and Distribution
2. Metabolism and Excretion
3. Relationship of THC Levels to Effects
II. Effects on Organ Systems
1. Brain
2. Immune System
3. Endocrine
4. Cardiovascular
5. Gastrointestinal
6. Renal
III. Toxicity
1. Respiratory Effects
2. Psychotic Episodes
3. Neurochemical and Histological Effects
IV. Tolerance
1. Animals
2. Humans
V. Dependence
1. Animals
2. Humans
VI. ?9-THC During Pregnancy
1. Effect on Dams and Litters
2. Developmental Toxicity
3. Neural Development
4. Teratogenecity
5. Fetotoxicity - Interactions with Ethanol
D. Behavioral Pharmacology
I. Unlearned Behaviors/Ethology
l. General Comments
2. Consummatory Behavior
3. Motor Behavior
4. Social Behavior
II. Conditioned Effects
1. Drug Discrimination
2. Self-Administration
3. Performance, Memory and Learning
E. Conclusions
- References
4 Cocaine
A. History and Epidemiology
B. General Pharmacology
I. Pharmacokinetics
II. Organ and System Toxicity
III. Fetal and Developmental Toxicity
IV. Behavioral Toxicity
C. Neurobiology of Cocaine's Behavioral Effects
I. Receptor Targets
II. Sensitization
III. Reinforcement
IV. Medications Development
D. Final Comments
- References
5 Opioid Analgesics
A. Background
B. Cellular and Molecular Effects
I. Opioid Receptors
1. Early Discoveries
2. Opioid Receptor Multiplicity
3. Selective Opioid Agonists and Antagonists
4. Distribution
II. Postreceptor Events
C. General Pharmacology
I. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
II. General Effects
III. Immune Function
IV. Analgesia
1. Clinical Observations
2. Mechanism of Action of Mu Agonists
3. Kappa and Delta Agonists
V. Tolerance
VI. Physical Dependence
D. Behavioral Pharmacology
I. Reinforcing Effects
1. Self-Administration and Place Preference
2. Neurobiological Mechanisms
II. Discriminative Stimulus Characteristics
III. Schedule-Controlled Behavior
IV. Conditioned Drug Effects
V. Learning and Memory
VI. Unlearned Behaviors
E. Summary
- References
6 Phencyclidine: A Drug of Abuse and a Tool for Neuroscience Research
A. Introduction and History
B. Overview of Pharmacological Profile
I. Humans
II. Animals
C. Cellular Mechanisms of Action
I. The Phencyclidine Receptor
II. Phencyclidine and the Sigma Binding Site
III. Phencyclidine and the NMDA Receptor Complex
IV. Behavioral Correlates of Phencyclidine/NMDA Interactions
V. Phencyclidine and Dopaminergic Effects -Direct or Indirect Interactions?
D. Behavioral Pharmacology of Phencyclidine Abuse
I. Discriminative Stimulus Effects
II. Self-Administration
III. Tolerance and Dependence
IV. Modification of Drug Tolerance and Dependence
V. Learning and Memory
E. Concluding Remarks
- References
7 Benzodiazepine Discontinuation Syndromes: Clinical and Experimental Aspects
A. Clinical Aspects of Benzodiazepine Discontinuation
I. Risk Factors for Benzodiazepine Discontinuation Effects
1. Benzodiazepine Compounds
2. Dose
3. Duration
4. Personality Type
II. Clinical Benzodiazepine Discontinuation Effects
B. Laboratory Aspects of Benzodiazepine Discontinuation
I. Behavioral Pharmacology
II. Neurochemical Effects
C. Conclusion
- References
8 Nicotine
A. Introduction
B. Abuse and Dependence in Humans
I. Epidemiology
II. Clinical Aspects and Pathophysiology of Nicotine Dependence
III. Tolerance and Physical Dependence
C. General Pharmacology
I. Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Systemic Metabolism
4. Brain Metabolic Activity
5. Drug Interactions
II. Pharmacodynamics
1. Cardiovascular Effects
2. Electroencephalograph Effects
III. Systemic Effects
1. Immunologic Effects
2. Hormonal Effects
3. Toxicity
IV. Abuse Liability and Dependence Potential
1. Discriminative Effects
2. Reinforcing Effects
3. Physical Dependence
D. Neuropharmacology
I. Nicotinic Receptors
1. Receptor Diversity
2. Receptor Regulation
II. Cellular Mechanisms
1. Effects of Nicotine on Cell Firing
2. Effects of Nicotine on Nerve Terminals
3. Effects of Nicotine on Transmitter Release in the Whole Animal
III. Neuronal Activity and Mechanisms of Reinforcement
1. Mesolimbic Dopamine
2. Dorsal Noradrenergic Bundle
3. Thalamocortical Projections
4. Habenulo-Interpeduncular System
5. 5-HT Release
6. Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Release
7. Acetylcholine Release
8. Other Measures of Neuronal Activity
9. Peripheral Effects
E. Implications for Medications Development and Conclusions
- References
9 Caffeine Reinforcement, Discrimination, Tolerance and Physical Dependence in Laboratory Animals and Humans
A. Introduction
B. Reinforcing Effects of Caffeine in Laboratory Animals
C. Reinforcing Effects of Caffeine in Humans
D. Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Caffeine in Laboratory Animals
I. Pharmacologic Mechanisms in Drug Discrimination
E. Subjective and Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Caffeine in Humans
I. Qualitative Subjective Effects of Caffeine
II. Demonstration of Caffeine Discrimination
III. Acquisition of Caffeine Discrimination
IV. Thresholds for Caffeine Discrimination
V. Cross-Generalization with Other Drugs
VI. Relationship Between Caffeine Discriminative and Subjective Effects
VII. Relationship Between Discrimination and Physical Dependence
VIII. Relationship Between Discrimination and Reinforcement
F. Tolerance to Caffeine in Laboratory Animals
I. Role of Adenosine in Tolerance
G. Tolerance to Caffeine in Humans
H. Caffeine Physical Dependence in Laboratory Animals
I. Role of Adenosine in Physical Dependence
I. Caffeine Physical Dependence in Humans
J. Conclusions
- References
10 Classical Hallucinogens
A. Introduction
B. Definitions
C. Human vs Nonhuman Investigations
D. Models and Assay Methods for Hallucinogenic Activity
I. Animal Models
II. Nonanimal Models
III. The Drug Discrimination Paradigm
E. Structure-Activity Relationships
I. Indolylalkylamines
II. Phenylalkylamines
F. Mechanism of Action of Classical Hallucinogens
I. The 5-HT Hypothesis
II. The 5-HT2Hypothesis
III. The 5-HT1c Hypothesis
IV. 5-HT2A vs 5-HT2c Receptors
1. Studies with Selective Antagonists
2. Studies with Lisuride
3. Studies with TFMPP
4. Radioligand Binding Studies
V. Involvement of Other 5-HT Receptors
VI. Involvement of Dopamine Receptors
G. Structurally Related Agents and Designer Drugs
H. Molecular Modeling of Hallucinogen-Receptor Interactions
I. Summary
- References
11 Alcohol
A. Introduction
B. The Metabolism of Ethanol
I. Ethanol-Induced Metabolic Anomalies
II. Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing Systems
III. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
IV. Acetate Metabolism and the Metabolic Effects of Acetate
C. Actions of Ethanol on the CNS
I. Membrane Hypothesis of Ethanol's Actions
II. Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channels
III. Neurotransmitter Release
1. Dopamine
2. Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Acetylcholine
IV. Neuropeptides
1. Opiates
2. Arginine Vasopressin
3. Neurotensin
V. Postsynaptic Receptors
1. Receptor-Effector Coupling Systems
VI. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
1. GABAA Receptors
2. Glutamate Receptors
3. 5-HT3 Receptors
D. Conclusion
- References
III. Advances in the Pharmacotherapy of Addiction
12 Pharmacotherapy of Addiction: Introduction and Principles
A. Introduction
B. Pharmacologic Interventions
I. Agonist
1. General Principles and Clinical Indications
2. Drug Classes
II. Antagonists
1. General Principles and Clinical Indications
2. Drug Classes
III. Anti-withdrawal Agents
1. General Principles and Clinical Indications
2. Drug Classes
IV. Anti-craving Agents
C. Conclusion
- References
13 Development of Medications for Addictive Disorders
A. History of the Regulatory System for New Drugs
B. Scheme of New Drug Development
C. Phases of Clinical Investigations
D. Special Considerations Related to Medications Development for Addictive Disorders
E. l-a-Acetylmethadol: Selected Clinical Studies
F. Other Necessary Regulatory Actions Regarding l-a-Acetylmethadol
G. Summary
- References
- 14a Long-Term Pharmacotherapy for Opiate (Primarily Heroin) Addiction: Opioid Agonists
A. Introduction
B. dl-Methadone (and 1-Methadone) as Used in Long-Term Pharmacotherapy of Opiate Addiction
I. Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Mechanisms of Action
1. Methadone Disposition in Setting of Chronic Diseases
2. Methadone Disposition in Pregnancy
3. Drug and Alcohol Interactions with Methadone
II. Use of Methadone in Long-Term Pharmacotherapy of Opiate Addiction: "Methadone Maintenance"
1. Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness
III. Neuroendocrine Immune and Gastroenterological Effects of Methadone (As Contrasted with Heroin Addiction)
1. Neuroendocrine Function
2. Immune Function
3. Gastrointestinal Function
IV. Special Issues Related to Methadone Maintenance and All Other Long-Term Treatments of Opiate (Heroin) Addicts
1. Codependency: Alcoholism, Cocaine, and Other Addictions
2. Psychiatric Comorbidity
3. Chronic Liver Disease, HIV Infection, and AIDS: Preexisting Medical Problems in Heroin Addicts and Impact of Methadone Treatment
C. l-a-Acetylmethadol (LAAM)
I. Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Mechanisms of Action in Humans
II. Use of LAAM in Long-Term Pharmacotherapy of Opiate Addiction: Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness
III. Neuroendocrine Effects of LAAM
- References
- 14b Long-Term Pharmacotherapy for Opiate (Primarily Heroin) Addiction: Opioid Antagonists and Partial Agonists
A. Naloxone, Naltrexone, and Nalmefene (Mixed Agonists and Antagonists)
I. Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Mechanisms of Action in Humans
II. Use of Naltrexone and Other Opioid Antagonists: Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness
III. Neuroendocrine Effects of Opioid Antagonists
B. Buprenorphine
I. Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Mechanisms of Action in Humans
II. Use of Buprenorphine: Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness
III. Neuroendocrine Effects of Partial Agonists (Mixed Agonists/Antagonists)
- References
15 Pharmacotherapy of Nicotine Dependence
A. Introduction
I. A Brief History of Treatment for Smoking Cessation
II. Why Pharmacotherapy?
III. Methodological Issues
1. Paradigms to Test Efficacy
2. Traditions of Testing Medications for Smoking vs for Other Drug Dependencies
IV. Comparing Medications
B. Medications to Aid Smoking Cessation
I. Nicotine Replacement
1. Nicotine Polacrilex (Nicotine Gum)
2. Transdermal Nicotine Systems (Nicotine Patches)
3. Patient Selection for Nicotine Replacement
4. Other Nicotine Replacement Medications
5. Lobeline
6. Future Studies on Nicotine Replacement
II. Blocking Agents
1. Mecamylamine
2. Naltrexone
III. Clonidine
IV. Agents That Make Smoking Aversive
1. Silver Acetate
2. Other Aversive Agents
V. Medications to Abate Withdrawal or Replace the Reinforcing Effects of Nicotine
1. Anxiolytics
2. Antidepressants
3. Stimulants
4. Anorectics
5. Other Medications
C. Use of Adjunctive Psychological Therapies
I. Psychological Therapies for Smoking Cessation
II. Combining Psychological Therapies and Medications
D. Treating Smoking Among Alcohol/Drug Abusers
E. Conclusions: Typical Quit Rates
- References
16 Pharmacotherapies for Cocaine Dependence
A. Introduction
B. Pharmacologic Treatment of Cocaine Dependence
I. Introduction
II. Medications Employed in the Treatment of Cocaine Dependence
1. Acute Withdrawal Agents
2. Chronic Treatment Agents
3. Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders
III. Clinical Considerations
1. Indications for Treatment
2. Length of Treatment
3. Precautions in Treatment
- References
4. Integration of Systems
C. General Pharmacology
I. Pharmacokinetics
1. Absorption and Distribution
2. Metabolism and Excretion
3. Relationship of THC Levels to Effects
II. Effects on Organ Systems
1. Brain
2. Immune System
3. Endocrine
4. Cardiovascular
5. Gastrointestinal
6. Renal
III. Toxicity
1. Respiratory Effects
2. Psychotic Episodes
3. Neurochemical and Histological Effects
IV. Tolerance
1. Animals
2. Humans
V. Dependence
1. Animals
2. Humans
VI. ?9-THC During Pregnancy
1. Effect on Dams and Litters
2. Developmental Toxicity
3. Neural Development
4. Teratogenecity
5. Fetotoxicity - Interactions with Ethanol
D. Behavioral Pharmacology
I. Unlearned Behaviors/Ethology
l. General Comments
2. Consummatory Behavior
3. Motor Behavior
4. Social Behavior
II. Conditioned Effects
1. Drug Discrimination
2. Self-Administration
3. Performance, Memory and Learning
E. Conclusions
- References
4 Cocaine
A. History and Epidemiology
B. General Pharmacology
I. Pharmacokinetics
II. Organ and System Toxicity
III. Fetal and Developmental Toxicity
IV. Behavioral Toxicity
C. Neurobiology of Cocaine's Behavioral Effects
I. Receptor Targets
II. Sensitization
III. Reinforcement
IV. Medications Development
D. Final Comments
- References
5 Opioid Analgesics
A. Background
B. Cellular and Molecular Effects
I. Opioid Receptors
1. Early Discoveries
2. Opioid Receptor Multiplicity
3. Selective Opioid Agonists and Antagonists
4. Distribution
II. Postreceptor Events
C. General Pharmacology
I. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
II. General Effects
III. Immune Function
IV. Analgesia
1. Clinical Observations
2. Mechanism of Action of Mu Agonists
3. Kappa and Delta Agonists
V. Tolerance
VI. Physical Dependence
D. Behavioral Pharmacology
I. Reinforcing Effects
1. Self-Administration and Place Preference
2. Neurobiological Mechanisms
II. Discriminative Stimulus Characteristics
III. Schedule-Controlled Behavior
IV. Conditioned Drug Effects
V. Learning and Memory
VI. Unlearned Behaviors
E. Summary
- References
6 Phencyclidine: A Drug of Abuse and a Tool for Neuroscience Research
A. Introduction and History
B. Overview of Pharmacological Profile
I. Humans
II. Animals
C. Cellular Mechanisms of Action
I. The Phencyclidine Receptor
II. Phencyclidine and the Sigma Binding Site
III. Phencyclidine and the NMDA Receptor Complex
IV. Behavioral Correlates of Phencyclidine/NMDA Interactions
V. Phencyclidine and Dopaminergic Effects -Direct or Indirect Interactions?
D. Behavioral Pharmacology of Phencyclidine Abuse
I. Discriminative Stimulus Effects
II. Self-Administration
III. Tolerance and Dependence
IV. Modification of Drug Tolerance and Dependence
V. Learning and Memory
E. Concluding Remarks
- References
7 Benzodiazepine Discontinuation Syndromes: Clinical and Experimental Aspects
A. Clinical Aspects of Benzodiazepine Discontinuation
I. Risk Factors for Benzodiazepine Discontinuation Effects
1. Benzodiazepine Compounds
2. Dose
3. Duration
4. Personality Type
II. Clinical Benzodiazepine Discontinuation Effects
B. Laboratory Aspects of Benzodiazepine Discontinuation
I. Behavioral Pharmacology
II. Neurochemical Effects
C. Conclusion
- References
8 Nicotine
A. Introduction
B. Abuse and Dependence in Humans
I. Epidemiology
II. Clinical Aspects and Pathophysiology of Nicotine Dependence
III. Tolerance and Physical Dependence
C. General Pharmacology
I. Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Systemic Metabolism
4. Brain Metabolic Activity
5. Drug Interactions
II. Pharmacodynamics
1. Cardiovascular Effects
2. Electroencephalograph Effects
III. Systemic Effects
1. Immunologic Effects
2. Hormonal Effects
3. Toxicity
IV. Abuse Liability and Dependence Potential
1. Discriminative Effects
2. Reinforcing Effects
3. Physical Dependence
D. Neuropharmacology
I. Nicotinic Receptors
1. Receptor Diversity
2. Receptor Regulation
II. Cellular Mechanisms
1. Effects of Nicotine on Cell Firing
2. Effects of Nicotine on Nerve Terminals
3. Effects of Nicotine on Transmitter Release in the Whole Animal
III. Neuronal Activity and Mechanisms of Reinforcement
1. Mesolimbic Dopamine
2. Dorsal Noradrenergic Bundle
3. Thalamocortical Projections
4. Habenulo-Interpeduncular System
5. 5-HT Release
6. Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Release
7. Acetylcholine Release
8. Other Measures of Neuronal Activity
9. Peripheral Effects
E. Implications for Medications Development and Conclusions
- References
9 Caffeine Reinforcement, Discrimination, Tolerance and Physical Dependence in Laboratory Animals and Humans
A. Introduction
B. Reinforcing Effects of Caffeine in Laboratory Animals
C. Reinforcing Effects of Caffeine in Humans
D. Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Caffeine in Laboratory Animals
I. Pharmacologic Mechanisms in Drug Discrimination
E. Subjective and Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Caffeine in Humans
I. Qualitative Subjective Effects of Caffeine
II. Demonstration of Caffeine Discrimination
III. Acquisition of Caffeine Discrimination
IV. Thresholds for Caffeine Discrimination
V. Cross-Generalization with Other Drugs
VI. Relationship Between Caffeine Discriminative and Subjective Effects
VII. Relationship Between Discrimination and Physical Dependence
VIII. Relationship Between Discrimination and Reinforcement
F. Tolerance to Caffeine in Laboratory Animals
I. Role of Adenosine in Tolerance
G. Tolerance to Caffeine in Humans
H. Caffeine Physical Dependence in Laboratory Animals
I. Role of Adenosine in Physical Dependence
I. Caffeine Physical Dependence in Humans
J. Conclusions
- References
10 Classical Hallucinogens
A. Introduction
B. Definitions
C. Human vs Nonhuman Investigations
D. Models and Assay Methods for Hallucinogenic Activity
I. Animal Models
II. Nonanimal Models
III. The Drug Discrimination Paradigm
E. Structure-Activity Relationships
I. Indolylalkylamines
II. Phenylalkylamines
F. Mechanism of Action of Classical Hallucinogens
I. The 5-HT Hypothesis
II. The 5-HT2Hypothesis
III. The 5-HT1c Hypothesis
IV. 5-HT2A vs 5-HT2c Receptors
1. Studies with Selective Antagonists
2. Studies with Lisuride
3. Studies with TFMPP
4. Radioligand Binding Studies
V. Involvement of Other 5-HT Receptors
VI. Involvement of Dopamine Receptors
G. Structurally Related Agents and Designer Drugs
H. Molecular Modeling of Hallucinogen-Receptor Interactions
I. Summary
- References
11 Alcohol
A. Introduction
B. The Metabolism of Ethanol
I. Ethanol-Induced Metabolic Anomalies
II. Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing Systems
III. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
IV. Acetate Metabolism and the Metabolic Effects of Acetate
C. Actions of Ethanol on the CNS
I. Membrane Hypothesis of Ethanol's Actions
II. Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channels
III. Neurotransmitter Release
1. Dopamine
2. Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Acetylcholine
IV. Neuropeptides
1. Opiates
2. Arginine Vasopressin
3. Neurotensin
V. Postsynaptic Receptors
1. Receptor-Effector Coupling Systems
VI. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
1. GABAA Receptors
2. Glutamate Receptors
3. 5-HT3 Receptors
D. Conclusion
- References
III. Advances in the Pharmacotherapy of Addiction
12 Pharmacotherapy of Addiction: Introduction and Principles
A. Introduction
B. Pharmacologic Interventions
I. Agonist
1. General Principles and Clinical Indications
2. Drug Classes
II. Antagonists
1. General Principles and Clinical Indications
2. Drug Classes
III. Anti-withdrawal Agents
1. General Principles and Clinical Indications
2. Drug Classes
IV. Anti-craving Agents
C. Conclusion
- References
13 Development of Medications for Addictive Disorders
A. History of the Regulatory System for New Drugs
B. Scheme of New Drug Development
C. Phases of Clinical Investigations
D. Special Considerations Related to Medications Development for Addictive Disorders
E. l-a-Acetylmethadol: Selected Clinical Studies
F. Other Necessary Regulatory Actions Regarding l-a-Acetylmethadol
G. Summary
- References
- 14a Long-Term Pharmacotherapy for Opiate (Primarily Heroin) Addiction: Opioid Agonists
A. Introduction
B. dl-Methadone (and 1-Methadone) as Used in Long-Term Pharmacotherapy of Opiate Addiction
I. Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Mechanisms of Action
1. Methadone Disposition in Setting of Chronic Diseases
2. Methadone Disposition in Pregnancy
3. Drug and Alcohol Interactions with Methadone
II. Use of Methadone in Long-Term Pharmacotherapy of Opiate Addiction: "Methadone Maintenance"
1. Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness
III. Neuroendocrine Immune and Gastroenterological Effects of Methadone (As Contrasted with Heroin Addiction)
1. Neuroendocrine Function
2. Immune Function
3. Gastrointestinal Function
IV. Special Issues Related to Methadone Maintenance and All Other Long-Term Treatments of Opiate (Heroin) Addicts
1. Codependency: Alcoholism, Cocaine, and Other Addictions
2. Psychiatric Comorbidity
3. Chronic Liver Disease, HIV Infection, and AIDS: Preexisting Medical Problems in Heroin Addicts and Impact of Methadone Treatment
C. l-a-Acetylmethadol (LAAM)
I. Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Mechanisms of Action in Humans
II. Use of LAAM in Long-Term Pharmacotherapy of Opiate Addiction: Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness
III. Neuroendocrine Effects of LAAM
- References
- 14b Long-Term Pharmacotherapy for Opiate (Primarily Heroin) Addiction: Opioid Antagonists and Partial Agonists
A. Naloxone, Naltrexone, and Nalmefene (Mixed Agonists and Antagonists)
I. Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Mechanisms of Action in Humans
II. Use of Naltrexone and Other Opioid Antagonists: Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness
III. Neuroendocrine Effects of Opioid Antagonists
B. Buprenorphine
I. Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Mechanisms of Action in Humans
II. Use of Buprenorphine: Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness
III. Neuroendocrine Effects of Partial Agonists (Mixed Agonists/Antagonists)
- References
15 Pharmacotherapy of Nicotine Dependence
A. Introduction
I. A Brief History of Treatment for Smoking Cessation
II. Why Pharmacotherapy?
III. Methodological Issues
1. Paradigms to Test Efficacy
2. Traditions of Testing Medications for Smoking vs for Other Drug Dependencies
IV. Comparing Medications
B. Medications to Aid Smoking Cessation
I. Nicotine Replacement
1. Nicotine Polacrilex (Nicotine Gum)
2. Transdermal Nicotine Systems (Nicotine Patches)
3. Patient Selection for Nicotine Replacement
4. Other Nicotine Replacement Medications
5. Lobeline
6. Future Studies on Nicotine Replacement
II. Blocking Agents
1. Mecamylamine
2. Naltrexone
III. Clonidine
IV. Agents That Make Smoking Aversive
1. Silver Acetate
2. Other Aversive Agents
V. Medications to Abate Withdrawal or Replace the Reinforcing Effects of Nicotine
1. Anxiolytics
2. Antidepressants
3. Stimulants
4. Anorectics
5. Other Medications
C. Use of Adjunctive Psychological Therapies
I. Psychological Therapies for Smoking Cessation
II. Combining Psychological Therapies and Medications
D. Treating Smoking Among Alcohol/Drug Abusers
E. Conclusions: Typical Quit Rates
- References
16 Pharmacotherapies for Cocaine Dependence
A. Introduction
B. Pharmacologic Treatment of Cocaine Dependence
I. Introduction
II. Medications Employed in the Treatment of Cocaine Dependence
1. Acute Withdrawal Agents
2. Chronic Treatment Agents
3. Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders
III. Clinical Considerations
1. Indications for Treatment
2. Length of Treatment
3. Precautions in Treatment
- References
... weniger
Bibliographische Angaben
- 2011, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1996., 658 Seiten, 29 Abbildungen, Maße: 23,5 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Herausgegeben:Schuster, Charles R.; Kuhar, Michael J.
- Verlag: Springer
- ISBN-10: 364264631X
- ISBN-13: 9783642646317
Sprache:
Englisch
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