Phase-Transfer Catalysis

Preface. Part 1: Basic concepts in phase-transfer catalysis: Phase-transfer-catalyzed reactions; Basic steps of phase-transfer catalysis; The PTC reaction rate matrix; Anion transfer and anion activation; Effect of reaction variables on transfer and intrinsic rates; Outline of compounds used as phase-transfer catalysts. Part 2: Phase-transfer catalysts -- Fundamentals I: Introduction; Structural factors affecting the distribution of anions between aqueous and organic phases; Structural factors affecting the distribution of phase-transfer catalyst cations between the aqueous and organic phases; Effects of the organic phase polarity on the distribution of phase-transfer cation-anion pairs; Effects of changes in organic phase polarity during reaction; Factors affecting the distribution of phase-transfer catalyst cation-anion pairs between an organic phase and an aqueous phase containing hydroxide ion; Effect of hydration of the transferred anion and the effect of inorganic salt and/or hydroxide concentration in the aqueous phase. Part 3: Phase-transfer catalysis -- Fundamentals II: Introduction; Liquid-liquid PTC; Solid-liquid PTC. Part 4: Phase-transfer catalysts: Introduction; Use of quaternary salts as phase-transfer catalysts; Macrocyclic and macrobicyclic ligands; PEGs, Tris (3, 6-dioxahepty)amine (TDA-1), and related ethoxylated compounds as phase-transfer catalysts; Other soluable polymers and related multifunctional compounds as phase-transfer catalysts; Use of dual PTC catalysts or use of cocatalysts in phase-transfer systems; Catalysts for transfer of species other than anions; Separation and recovery of phase-transfer catalysts. Part 5: Insoluable phase-transfer catalysts: Introduction; PTC catalysts bound to insoluable resins; Phase-transfer catalysts bound to inorganic solid supports; PTC catalysts contained in a separate liquid phase (Third-liquid-phase catalyst). Part 6: Variables in reaction design for laboratory and industrial applications of

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