Physics of Planetary Ionospheres

I Neutral Atmospheres.- I.1 Nomenclature.- I.2 Barosphere: Distribution Laws.- I.3 Thermosphere-Thermal Structure.- I.4 Exosphere-Atmospheric Escape (Evaporation).- I.5 Physical Properties of Planetary Atmospheres.- II Sources of Ionization.- II.1 Solar EUV Radiation and X-Rays.- 1I.2 Corpuscular Radiation.- II.3 Meteor Ionization.- III Thermal Structure of Planetary Ionospheres.- III.1 Departures from Thermal Equilibrium.- I1I.2 Electron and Ion Temperatures.- III.3 Heat Sources not Related to Photoionization.- IV Chemical Processes.- IV.1 General Comments.- IV.2 Recombination.- IV.3 Charge Exchange Reactions.- IV.4 Negative Ion Reactions.- IV.5 Chemical Reactions and Airglow.- V Plasma Transport Processes.- V.1 Plasma (Ambipolar) Diffusion.- V.2 Plasma Drift and Winds.- V.3 Plasma Escape.- VI Models of Planetary Ionospheres.- VI.1 Equilibrium Models.- VI.2 Observables and Derived Parameters.- VI.3 Ionospheric Regions.- VI.4 Realistic Models of Planetary Ionospheres.- VI.5 The Extent of Planetary Ionospheres.- VII The Ionosphere as a Plasma.- VII.1 General Plasma Properties.- VII.2 The Ionosphere as a Dispersive Medium.- VII.3 Ionospheric Plasma Instabilities.- VIII Experimental Techniques.- VIII.1 Remote Sensing Radio Techniques.- VIII.2 Direct Measurement Techniques.- IX Observed Properties of Planetary Ionospheres.- IX.1 The Terrestrial Ionosphere.- IX.2 The Ionosphere of Mars.- IX.3 The Ionosphere of Venus.- IX.4 The Ionosphere of Jupiter.- Appendix. Physical Data for the Planets and their Atmospheres.- References.- List of Symbols.