Plant DNA Infectious Agents

Agroinfection
A. Agrobacterium as an Organism for the Experimental Storage and Transmission of Plant Viruses

1. Storage and Safety

2. Efficiency and Flexibility

3. Release of Viral Genomes from the T-DNA

4. Analysis of T-DNA Transfer
B. Transformation of Plant Cells with Viral Genetic Information

1. Transient Expression

2. Expression of Viral Genes in Host and Non-Host Plants

3. Transgenic Plants Containing Oligomers of Viral Genomes or Genome Components
i) Complementation Between Different Components of a Multi-Component System
- ii) Analysis of in vitro Produced Mutant Viral Strains
- iii) Development of Proviral Vectors

4. Super-Infection of Plants Transgenic for Viral Sequences
i) Cross-Protection
- ii) Complementation of Defective Viral Genes with Integrated Wild-Type-Genes; Development of Complementation Vectors
III. Perspectives
IV. References
5 The Mechanism of T-DNA Transfer from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to the Plant Cell
I. General Introduction
A. Scope of the Review
B. Crown Gall Disease
C. Molecular Basis of Neoplastic Transformation
a) The Ti Plasmid and Its Organisation
b) Functional Organisation of the T-DNA
II. Early Events of Transformation
A. Virulence Functions
a) Chromosomal Virulence Region
b) Organisation of the Virulence Region
c) Regulation of vir Region Expression
d) Nature of the Inducer
B. T-DNA-Transfer
a) The 25-bp Terminal Sequence
b) Overdrive
c) Analysis of the T-DNA/Plant DNA Junctions
d) T-DNA Localisation and Structure Within the Plant Genome
III. T-DNA Processing
A. The Search of Processing Intermediates
a) Genetic Assays
b) Physical Assays
c) Summary and Discussion
B. Proteins Involved in T-DNA Processing
a) Vir D Locus
b) Vir C Locus
c) Vir E Locus
d) Vir F Locus
IV. Conclusions
V. References
6 Molecular Analysis of Root Induction by Agrobacterium rhizogenes
I. Introduction
II. Taxonomy
III. Ri Plasmid Structure
IV. Ri T-DNA Organization
V. T-DNA of Ri Transformed Plants
VI. Endogenous T-DNA of Plants
VII. Conclusions and Further Speculations
VIII. References
7 Pathways to Plant Genetic Manipulation Employing Agrobacterium
I. Introduction
II. Biology of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti Plasmid
III. Strategies for Inserting Genes into T-DNA
A. Homogenotization
B. Cointegrating Intermediate Vectors
C. Binary Vectors
D. Disarming the T-DNA
E. Specific Examples

1. Use of pMON200: A Cointegrating Vector

2. Use of pMON505: A Binary Vector
F. Border Sequences and Binary Vector T-DNA Structure
IV. Practical Catalogue
A. Survey of Binary Vectors
B. Selectable Markers
C. Expression Cassette Vectors
V. Getting Genes into Plants
VI. Novel Applications of Ti Transformation
A. Gene Isolation by Complementation or Direct Selection
B. T-DNA as a Transposon for Mutation and Promoter Probe
VII. Prospects
VIII. References
8 Plant Transposable Elements: Unique Structures for Gene Tagging and Gene Cloning
I. Introduction
II. Isolation and Characterization of a Transposable Element
A. Recognition of a Transposable Element
B. Genes Suitable for the Isolation of Transposable Elements
C. Transposon Tagging of a Gene in Zea mays
D. Genetical Analysis of the Tagged Mutants
E. Frequency of Mutation
III. Transposable Elements as Molecular Probes for Gene Isolation
A. General Aspects
B. Isolation of Mutants Induced by Autonomous Elements (Ac and En [Spm])
C. Isolation of Clones Carrying Receptor Elements
D. Identification of Gene-Specific Sequences
IV. Conclusions
V. References
9 Direct Gene Transfer to Plants
I. Direct Gene Transfer
A. Introduction
B. A Representative Experiment
C. Protocol and Transformation Frequency
D. Electroporation
E. No Hostrange Limitations
F. Foreign Gene Mendelian Inheritance
G. Stability of the Foreign Gene
H. Instability of the Foreign Gene
I. Molecular Proof for Transformation
J. Gene Localization by in situ Hybridization
K. Arrangement of Foreign DNA in the Host Genome
L. Co-Transformation with Non-Selectable Genes
M. Gene Transfer from Total Genomic DNA
N. Limitations for Direct Gene Transfer
II. Other Vectorless Gene Transfer Systems
A. Liposome Fusion
B. Spheroplast Fusion
C. Microinjection
III. Direct Gene Transfer in Theoretical and Applied Genetics
A. Gene Isolation
B. Gene Identification
C. Replication
D. Gene Replacement
E. Gene Regulation
F. Stability and Instability
G. Gene Transfer to Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
H. Gene Transfer into Cereals
I. Gene Transfer into Potentially Totipotent Cells
J. Gene Transfer Without Pre Cloning in Bacteria
K. Gene Transfer into Organelles
L. Tagging of Chromosomes
M. Modulation of Expression
N. Conclusions
IV. References
10 Microinjection: An Experimental Tool for Studying and Modifying Plant Cells
I. Introduction
II. Recipient Cell Systems
A. Cell Types
B. Protoplasts
C. Cell Culture Conditions
III. Resolution of Intracellular Compartments
A. Microscopy
B. Fluorescent Stains
IV. Microinjection Methodology
A. Micromanipulation Techniques
B. Equipment
V. Genetic Transformation
VI. Other Applications
VII. Concluding Remarks
VIII. References
11 Transformation of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii
I. Introduction
II. Nuclear Transformation
A. Selection
i) ARG7 Locus
- ii) Resistance to Kanamycin
- iii) Other Selective Markers
B. ARS Sequences of C. reinhardtii
C. ARC Sequences
D. Natural Plasmids
E. Is Agrobacterium tumefaciens a Possible Transformation Vector for C. reinhardtii?
III. Prospects of Chloroplast Transformation in C. reinhardtii
IV. Conclusions
V. References
12 Induction of Expression in and Stable Transformation of an Algal Cell by Nuclear Microinjection with Naked DNA
I. Introduction
II. Acetabularia
III. Techniques
IV. Expression of Genomic RNA
V. Expression of Genomic DNA
VI. Expression of Genes and Gene Constructions
VII. Regulation of Expression
VIII. Transformation
IX. Genetics
X. Discussion
XI. References
13 Transient Expression of DNA in Plant Cells
I. Overview of Transient Assay Applications
II. Transient Assays in Plant Cells
III. Transient Expression after Electroporation-Mediated Gene Transfer
IV. Discussion
V. References
14 Plastid Transformation: A Progress Report
I. Introduction
II. Construction of Vectors for the Transformation of Plastids
III. General Conclusions
IV. References
15 Targeting Nuclear Gene Products into Chloroplasts
I. Introduction
II. Binding of Precursors to the Outer Membrane of the Chloroplast
III. Translocation of Polypeptides Across the Envelope Membranes
IV. Processing of Precursors to the Nature Polypeptide
V. The Transit Peptide Itself can Mediate Import of Foreign Polpeptides
VI. Structural Analysis of Chloroplast Transit Peptides
VII. Experimental Analysis of Transit Peptides
VIII. Future Prospects
IX. References