Satellite Systems for Personal and Broadband Communications

Speech Coding Schemes.- 4.2 Modulation.- 4.2.1 Modulation Schemes for Mobile Satellite Communications.- 4.2.2 Bandwidth Requirement of Modulated Signals.- 4.2.3 Bit Error Rate in the Gaussian Channel.- 4.2.4 Bit Error Rate in the Ricean and Rayleigh Fading Channel.- 4.3 Channel Coding (Forward Error Correction, FEC).- 4.3.1 Convolutional Coding.- 4.3.2 Block Coding.- 4.3.3 Error Protection with Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).- 4.3.4 RS Codes.- 4.3.5 Performance of Block Codes.- 4.3.6 Performance of Block Codes in Fading Channels.- 4.4 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ).- 4.4.1 Stop-and-Wait ARQ.- 4.4.2 Go-Back-N ARQ.- 4.4.3 Selective-Repeat ARQ.- 4.5 Typical Error Control Schemes in Mobile Satellite Communications.- II. Satellite Systems for Mobile/Personal Communications.- 5. Multiple Access.- 5.1 Duplexing.- 5.1.1 Frequency-Division Duplexing (FDD).- 5.1.2 Time-Division Duplexing (TDD).- 5.2 Multiplexing.- 5.3 Multiple Access.- 5.4 Slotted Aloha Multiple Access.- 5.4.1 The Principle of Slotted Aloha.- 5.4.2 Throughput of Slotted Aloha.- 5.4.3 Mean Transmission Delay for Slotted Aloha.- 5.4.4 Pure Aloha Multiple Access.- 5.5 Frequency-Division Multiple Access, FDMA.- 5.5.1 Adjacent Channel Interference.- 5.5.2 Required Bandwidth for FDMA.- 5.5.3 Intermodulation.- 5.5.4 Pros and Cons of FDMA.- 5.6 Time-Division Multiple Access, TDMA.- 5.6.1 Bandwidth Demand and Efficiency of TDMA.- 5.6.2 Burst Synchronization in the Receiving Satellite.- 5.6.3 Slot Synchronization in the Transmitting TDMA Terminals.- 5.6.4 Pros and Cons of TDMA.- 5.7 Code-Division Multiple Access, CDMA.- 5.8 Direct-Sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA).- 5.8.1 Generation and Characteristics of Signature Sequences.- 5.8.2 Investigation of Asynchronous DS-CDMA in the Time Domain.- 5.8.3 Investigation of Asynchronous DS-CDMA in the Frequency Domain.- 5.8.4 Multi-Frequency CDMA, MF-CDMA.- 5.8.5 Qualcomm Return Link CDMA (Globalstar).- 5.8.6 Synchronous Orthogonal DS-CDMA with Coherent Detection.- 5.9 CDMA Receivers.- 5.9.1 PN Code Synchronization in the CDMA Receiver.- 5.9.2 Rake Receiver.- 5.9.3 CDMA Multiuser Detection.- 5.10 Characteristics of CDMA.- 5.11 CDMA for the Satellite UMTS Air Interface.- 5.11.1 The ESA Wideband CDMA Scheme.- 5.11.2 The ESA Wideband Hybrid CDMA/TDMA Scheme.- 6. Cellular Satellite Systems.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.1.1 Concept of the Hexagonal Radio Cell Pattern.- 6.1.2 Cell Cluster and Frequency Reuse.- 6.2 Co-Channel Interference in the Uplink.- 6.2.1 Co-Channel Interference for FDMA and TDMA Uplinks.- 6.2.2 Co-Channel Interference for an Asynchronous DS-CDMA Uplink.- 6.3 Co-Channel Interference in the Downlink.- 6.3.1 Co-Channel Interference for FDMA and TDMA Downlinks.- 6.3.2 Co-Channel Interference for CDMA Downlinks.- 6.4 Bandwidth Demand and Traffic Capacity of Cellular Satellite Networks.- 6.4.1 Total System Bandwidth.- 6.4.2 Traffic Capacity per Radio Cell.- 6.4.3 Traffic Capacity of the System.- 6.4.4 Required User Link Capacity of a Satellite.- 6.4.5 Overall Network Capacity Considerations.- 7. Network Aspects.- 7.1 Architecture of Satellite Systems for Mobile/Personal Communications.- 7.2 Network Control.- 7.2.1 Tasks of Network Control.- 7.2.2 Signaling Channels of the Air Interface.- 7.3 Mobility Management.- 7.3.1 Service Area of a Gateway Station.- 7.3.2 Location Area.- 7.3.3 Registration and Location Update.- 7.4 Paging.- 7.5 Call Control.- 7.5.1 Setup of a Mobile Originating Call.- 7.5.2 Setup of a Mobile Terminating Call.- 7.6 Dynamic Channel Allocation.- 7.6.1 C/I-Based DCA.- 7.6.2 DCA Using a Cost Function.- 7.7 Handover.- 7.7.1 Handover Decision.- 7.7.2 Handover Procedure.- 7.7.3 Channel Allocation at Handover.- 7.8 Call Completion Probability.- 7.9 Routing.- 7.9.1 Routing in LEO/MEO Satellite Networks.- 7.9.2 Off-Line Dynamic ISL Routing Concept.- 7.9.3 On-line Adaptive ISL Routing.- 7.10 Integration of Terrestrial and Satellite Mobile Networks.- 8. Satellite Technology.- 8.1 Satellite Subsystems.- 8.2 Antenna Technology.- 8.2.1 GEO Antennas for Mobile Links with Spot Beams.- 8.2.2 LEO/MEO Antennas.- 8.3 Payload Architecture.- 9. Regulatory, Organizational, and Financial Aspects.- 9.1 Allocation of Frequency Bands.- 9.2 Licensing/Regulation.- 9.2.1 Granting a System License.- 9.2.2 Licensing in the USA.- 9.2.3 Licensing in Europe.- 9.2.4 Common Use of Frequency Bands by Several Systems.- 9.2.5 Global Licensing and Political Aspects.- 9.3 Financing and Marketing of S-PCN Systems.- 9.4 Operation of S-PCN Systems.- III. Satellite Systems for Broadband Multimedia Communicat ions.- 10. Multimedia Communications in Satellite Systems.- 10.1 Types of Broadband Communication Networks.- 10.1.1 Traditional Circuit-Switched Networks and the Packet-Switched Internet.- 10.1.2 New Multimedia Satellite Systems Using New Satellite Orbits.- 10.2 Multimedia Services and Traffic Characterization.- 10.2.1 Video Traffic and MPEG Coding.- 10.2.2 Self-Similar Traffic.- 10.3 ATM-Based Communication in Satellite Systems.- 10.3.1 Principles of ATM.- 10.3.2 Implications for ATM-Based Satellite Networks.- 10.4 Internet Services via Satellite Systems.- 10.4.1 Principles of TCP/IP.- 10.4.2 Internet Protocol (IP).- 10.4.3 Transport Control Protocol (TCP).- 10.4.4 TCP/IP in the Satellite Environment.- 10.4.5 IP over ATM in the Satellite Environment.- 11. ATM-Based Satellite Networks.- 11.1 System Architecture.- 11.2 Services.- 11.3 Protocol Architecture.- 11.4 ATM Resource Management.- 11.4.1 Connection Admission Control and Usage Parameter Control.- 11.4.2 Congestion Control, Traffic Shaping, and Flow Control.- 11.5 Multiple Access for ATM Satellite Systems.- 11.5.1 TDMA-Based Multiple Access.- 11.5.2 CDMA-Based Multiple Access.- 11.6 Radio Resource Management.- 11.7 Error Control.- 12. Network Dimensioning.- 12.1 Spot Beam Capacity Dimensioning for GEO Systems.- 12.1.1 Motivation and Approach.- 12.1.2 Market Prediction.- 12.1.3 Generic Multiservice Source Traffic Model.- 12.1.4 Calculation of the Spot Beam Capacity Requirements.- 12.1.5 System Bandwidth Demand Calculation.- 12.1.6 Applied Spot Beam Capacity Dimensioning: A Case Study.- 12.2 ISL Capacity Dimensioning for LEO Systems.- 12.2.1 Topological Design of the ISL Network.- 12.2.2 ISL Routing Concept.- 12.2.3 Network Dimensioning.- 12.2.4 Numerical Example.- 12.2.5 Extensions of the Dimensioning Approach.- A. Satellite Spot Beams and Map Transformations.- A.1 Map Projections and Satellite Views.- A.2 Generation of Satellite Spot Beams.- B. Parameters of the Land Mobile Satellite Channel.- B.1 Narrowband Two-State Model at L Band.- B.2 Narrowband Two-State Model at EHF Band.- B.3 Wideband Model at L Band.- C. Existing and Planned Satellite Systems.- C.1 Survey of Satellite Systems.- C.2 ACeS (Asia Cellular Satellite).- C.3 Astrolink.- C.4 EuroSkyWay.- C.5 Globalstar.- C.6 ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbits).- C.7 Inmarsat-3/Inmarsat mini-M.- C.8 Iridium.- C.9 Orbcomm.- CIO SkyBridge.- C.11 Sky Station.- C.12 Spaceway.- C.13 Teledesic.- References.