Science and Society

Cultural Lag in Science.- 1. Cultural Lags.- 2. Delays in Scientific Progress.- 3. The Hidden Injuries of Science.- 4. The Salieri Effect and the Workshop Mentality.- 11. Storage and Communication of Knowledge.- 1. Science as a System of Communications.- 2. Science as the Best of All Possible Worlds.- 3. The Inherent Ambiguity in the System.- 4. Some Obvious Proposals.- 12. The Economics of Scientific Publications.- 1. The Quality Market and the Mass-Market.- 2. New Products and Their Entry to the Market.- 3. Free Markets and Clearing-Houses.- 4. The Market in Reputation.- 5. The Question of Time-Lag Again.- 13. Revising the Referee System.- 1. The Economics of Publication Again.- 2. Criteria of Excellence.- 3. Revising the Referee System.- 14. Scientific Schools and Their Success.- 1. General.- 2. Sociological.- 3. The Myth of Unanimity.- 4. Rationality: Unanimity Versus Proliferation.- 5. Centers of Learning as Schools of Thought.- 6. Philosophy of Science as Empirical Sociology.- 7. How Methodology and Sociology Fuse.- 8. Living Up to One's Standards.- 9. Scientific Schools and Their Success.- 15. Genius in Science.- 1. Is Genius Really Necessary?.- 2. Paradigms of Genius in the Literature.- 3. The Romantic Theory of Science.- 4. The Romantic Scientific Leadership.- 5. Against Scientific Authority.- 6. Towards a Rational Theory of Genius.- Notes.- 16. Scientists as Sleepwalkers.- 1. Between Luck and Wit.- 2. Science and Commonsense.- 3. Apriorism is Alive and Well.- 17. The Logic of Scientific Inquiry.- 1. Is Methodology Innate?.- 2. The Socratic Paradox of Learning.- 3. Common Sense Versus Methodology.- 18. The Choice of Scientific Problems.- 1. Activism and Passivism in Philosophy of Science.- 2. The Roots of the Authority of Science.- 3. The Choice of Theories Versus the Choice of Problems.- 19. Between Metaphysics and Methodology.- 1. Metaphysics as Hypothetical.- 2. Metaphysics as Heuristics.- 3. Metaphysics as Both Hypothetical and Heuristic.- 20. Research Project.- 1. What a Scientist Does and What He Says He Does.- 2. The Harm Caused by Inaccurate Reports.- 3. Evaluating Research Projects.- 21. The Methodology of Research Projects: A Sketch.- 1. The Missing Study of Research Projects.- 2. Buckets, Searchlights, and Powerhouses.- 3. Historians for Powerhouses, Positivists Against Them.- 4. The Pedigree Theory and the Hic Rhodos Theory.- 5. Is Methodology Ineffable or Rational?.- 6. The Rational Way to Assess Metaphysical Frameworks.- 7. Progressive and Degenerative Problem-Shifts.- 22. Continuity and Discontinuity in the History of Science.- 1. The Radicalist View of Science and Its History.- 2. Dialectics as a Reaction to Radicalism.- 3. Duhem's Theory of Science.- 4. The Cultural Background of Science.- 23. Three Views of the Renaissance of Science.- 1. The Radicalist View.- 2. The Conservative View.- 3. The Rise of New Ideas.- 4. Mysticism.- 5. The Possibility of Developing a Third View.- 6. Modified Intuitionism.- 7. The Demarcation of Science.- 8. The Renaissance Revolution of Science.- Inserts.- 24. On Explaining the Trial of Galileo.- 1. Koestler Upsets the Historians.- 2. Koestler and his Predecessors.- 3. Koestler's Pen-Portrait of Galileo and Its Implications.- 4. The Fall of Galileo.- 5. The Change in Galileo's Behaviour.- 6. Galileo's Faith and Fate.- 7. The Dialogue and the Trial of Galileo.- 8. Conclusion.- Notes.- 25. The Origins of the Royal Society.- 1. The Historical Significance of Bacon's Teaching.- 2. Baconian Radicalism in Action.- 3. Reservations Regarding Bacon.- 4. The Rise of the Royal Society.- 5. Disputing Ancestry Claims.- 6. Bacon Versus Boyle.- Notes.- 26. The Ideological Import of Newton.- 1. Background: The Enlightenment and Newton.- 2. The Problem Situation at Present.- 3. The Persistence of the Tension.- 4. The Enlightenment Mythology.- 27. Sir John Herschel's Philosophy of Success.- 1. The Public Situation.- 2. A General View of Science.- 3. The Doctrine of Prejudice.- 4. Induction.- 5. A Eulogy on Bacon.- 6. Aids for the Intellect.- 7. Higher Level Generalizations.- 8. The History of Science.- 9. The Philosophy of Success.- Notes.- 28. What Makes for a Scientific Golden Age?.- 1. The Trilemma: Bacon Versus Whewell Versus Popper.- 2. The Historical Dimension.- 3. The Experimental Dimension.- 29. Max Weber's Scientific Religion.- 1. A Picture of the Scientist as a Maniac.- 2. The Presuppositions of Science.- 3. Conclusion: Weber's Outlook.- 30. On Pursuing the Unattainable.- 1. Reducing Remote Goals to Near.- 2. The Positivistic Utopia of Rationality.- 3. The Frustration of Seeking the Unattainable.- 4. The Scientific Millennium.- 31. Faith Has Nothing to do With Rationality.- 1. The Basis of Rationality.- 2. The Reason for Rationality.- 3. The Faith in Rationality.- 32. Rationality and the Tu Quoque Argument.- 1. The Faith in Reason Again.- 2. Rationality and Morality.- 3. Rationality and Society.- 33. Technocracy and Scientific Progress.- 1. Robinson Crusoe Today.- 2. The Rise of Technocracy.- 3. Science is Neither Crusonian Nor Technocratic.- 4. Science as a Guild and as a Republic.- 34. Standards to Live By.- 1. Preliminary Difficulties.- 2. The Ills of Excessive Standards.- 3. Room for Making Standards Reasonable.- 4. The Reform of Standards.- Bibliography of Joseph Agassi.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.