Systems Engineering and Analysis

Feedback 133 5.9 Incorporation of Design Changes 137 5.10 Summary and Extensions 138 Questions and Problems 140 Chapter 6 System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 142 6.1 Requirements for System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 143 6.2 Categories of System Test and Evaluation 146 6.3 Planning for System Test and Evaluation 149 6.4 Preparation for System Test and Evaluation 152 6.5 Conducting System Test, Data Collection, and Test Reporting 154 6.6 System Modifications 155 6.7 Summary and Extensions 158 Questions and Problems 159 Part 3 Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation 160 Chapter 7 Alternatives and Models in Decision Making 162 7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making 163 7.2 Models in Decision Making 164 7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory 169 7.4 Decisions Involving Multiple Criteria 173 7.5 The Decision Evaluation Display 180 7.6 Decisions Under Risk and Uncertainty 182 7.7 Summary and Extensions 192 Questions and Problems 194 Chapter 8 Models for Economic Evaluation 199 8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas 200 8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence 205 8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative 209 8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives 217 8.5 Evaluation Involving Multiple Criteria 219 8.6 Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Futures 221 8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations 224 8.8 Break-Even Evaluation Under Risk 230 8.9 Summary and Extensions 231 Questions and Problems 232 Chapter 9 Optimization in Design and Operations 236 9.1 Classical Optimization Theory 237 9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization 244 9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization 266 9.4 Optimization Involving Multiple Criteria 271 9.5 Constrained Optimization by Linear Programming 273 9.6 Summary and Extensions 282 Questions and Problems 284 Chapter 10 Queuing Theory and Analysis 289 10.1 The Queuing System 290 10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing 293 10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models 297 10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models 307 10.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service 309 10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models 312 10.7 Summary and Extensions 320 Questions and Problems 322 Chapter 11 Control Concepts and Methods 325 11.1 Some Basic Control Concepts 326 11.2 Statistical Process Control 328 11.3 Optimum Policy Control 340 11.4 Project Control with CPM and PERT 343 11.5 Total Quality Control Methods 354 11.6 Summary and Extensions 360 Questions and Problems 361 Part 4 Design for Operational Feasibility 367 Chapter 12 Design for Reliability 369 12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability 370 12.2 Measures of Reliability 371 12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle 382 12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods 394 12.5 Reliability Test and Evaluation 405 12.6 Summary and Extensions 413 Questions and Problems 414 Chapter 13 Design for Maintainability 418 13.1 Definition and Explanation of Maintainability 419 13.2 Measures of Maintainability 420 13.3 Availability and Effectiveness Measures 434 13.4 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle 437 13.5 Maintainability Analysis Methods 445 13.6 Maintainability Demonstration 467 13.7 Summary and Extensions 474 Questions and Problems 475 Chapter 14 Design for Usability (Human Factors) 479 14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors 480 14.2 The Measures in Human Factors 493 14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle 494 14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods 499 14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements 505 14.6 Personnel test and Evaluation 507 14.7 Summary and Extensions 507 Questions and Problems 508 Chapter 15 Design for Supportability (Serviceability) 510 15.1 Definition and Explanation of Logistics and Supportability 511 15.2 The Elements of Logistics and System Support 516 15.3 The Measures of Logistics and Supportability 519 15.4 Logistics and Maintenance Support in the System Life Cycle 538 15.5 Supportability Analysis (SA) 545 15.6 Supportability Test and Evaluation 547 15.7 Summary and Extensions 550 Questions and Problems 552 Chapter 16 Design for Producibility and Disposability 554 16.1 Introduction to Producibility and Disposability 555 16.2 Producibility and Disposability in the System Life Cycle 558 16.3 Design for Producibility and Manufacturability 562 16.4 Modeling Manufacturing Progress 566 16.5 Design for Disposability 570 16.6 A Life Cycle Value-Cost Diagram 572 16.7 Summary and Extensions 574 Questions and Problems 577 Chapter 17 Design for Affordability (Life-cycle Costing) 578 17.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing 579 17.2 Cost Considerations in the System Life Cycle 582 17.3 The Generic Life-Cycle Costing Process 587 17.4 Life-Cycle Costing by Money Flow Modeling 606 17.5 Life-Cycle Costing by Economic Optimization 632 17.6 Applications and Benefits of Life-Cycle Costing 645 17.7 Summary and Extensions 647 Questions and Problems 649 Part 5 Systems Engineering Management 657 Chapter 18 Systems Engineering Planning and Organization 659 18.1 Systems Engineering Program Planning 660 18.2 Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) 660 18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering 678 18.4 Summary and Extensions 691 Questions and Problems 692 Chapter 19 Program Management, Control, and Evaluation 694 19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives 695 19.2 Outsourcing and the Identification of Suppliers 696 19.3 Program Leadership and Direction 698 19.4 Program Evaluation and Feedback 701 19.5 Risk Management 710 19.6 Summary and Extensions 712 Questions and Problems 713 Part 6 Appendices 715 Appendix A Functional Analysis 716 A.1 Functional Flow Block Diagrams 716 A.2 Some Examples of Application 718 Appendix B Design and Management Checklists 726 B.1 Design Review Checklist 727 B.2 Management Review Checklist 728 Appendix C Probability Theory and Analysis 732 C.1 Probability Concepts and Theory 732 C.2 Probability Distribution Models 735 C.3 Monte Carlo Analysis 744 Appendix D Probability and Statistical Tables 747 Table D.1 Random Rectangular Variates 747 Table D.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities 747 Table D.3 Cumulative Normal Probabilities 747 Appendix E Interest Factor Tables 755 Tables E.1 to E.10 Interest Factors for Annual Compounding 755 Appendix F Finite Queuing Tables 766 Table F.1 to F.3 Finite Queuing Factors 766 Appendix G Selected Bibliography 774 G.1 Systems, Systems Analysis, and Systems Engineering 774 G.2 Concurrent and Simultaneous Engineering 776 G.3 Software and Computer-Aided Systems 776 G.4 Reliability Engineering 777 G.5 Maintainability Engineering and Maintenance 777 G.6 Human Factors and Safety Engineering 778 G.7 Production, Manufacturing, Quality Control and Assurance 778 G.8 Logistics, Supply Chain Management, and Supportability 780 G.9 Operations Research and Operations Management 781 G.10 Engineering Economy and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 781 G.11 Management and Supporting Areas 782 Appendix H Selected Web Sites 783 Index