The Effects of EU Citizenship

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION introduction 3 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Many of the developments in European law the last decades concern the position of the citizen in the European Union. Direct influences on this po- tion come from case-law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in which the notion of 'EU citizen' is being defined and refined, while indirect influence can be found in the immigration paragraph of the EC Treaty and the devel- ments in the fight against terrorism. In combination with the changes on all these issues as they are foreseen in the Treaty of Lisbon, all developments taken together lead to a new position of the citizen in the Member States of the European Union under the influence of European law. A special feature of the notion of EU citizenship is that it has been given form and substance through different means simultaneously: not only by means of the texts of the Treaties, but also through secondary legislation and the case-law of the ECJ. Firstly, the rights (and duties) given to EU citiz- ship are listed in the EC Treaty and need to be seen in addition to citizenship rights in the national systems of the Member States, according to the second 1 sentence of Article 17 sub 1 TEC (Art. 20 TFEU-L).