Ubuntu Unleashed 2012 Edition, w. DVD-ROM

Sound Formats. 79 Listening to Music. 81 Buying Music in the Ubuntu One Music Store. 83 Graphics Manipulation 85 The GNU Image Manipulation Program 85 Using Scanners in Ubuntu 87 Working with Graphics Formats 87 Capturing Screen Images 89 Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu. 90 Handheld Digital Cameras 90 Using Shotwell Photo Manager. 90 Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu 90 Creating CDs and DVDs with Brasero 91 Creating CDs from the Command Line. 92 Creating DVDs from the Command Line 94 Viewing Video 96 TV and Video Hardware 96 Video Formats 97 Viewing Video in Linux. 98 Personal Video Recorders 99 Video Editing 99 References 100 7 Other Ubuntu Desktops 101 Desktop Environment 101 KDE and Kubuntu 102 Xfce and Xubuntu. 104 LXDE and Lubuntu. 105 GNOME. 106 References 107 8 Games 109 Ubuntu Gaming. 109 Emulators. 109 Installing Proprietary Video Drivers 110 Installing Games in Ubuntu 112 Warsow. 112 Scorched 3D 112 Frozen Bubble 113 SuperTux. 114 Battle for Wesnoth. 114 Frets on Fire. 116 Games for Kids. 116 Commercial Games. 116 Playing Windows Games 117 References 117 Part III System Administration 9 Managing Software 119 Ubuntu Software Center 119 Using Synaptic for Software Management. 120 Staying Up-to-Date 122 Working on the Command Line 123 Day-to-Day Usage 124 Finding Software 127 Compiling Software from Source. 128 Compiling from a Tarball. 128 Compiling from Source from the Ubuntu Repositories 129 Server/Configuration Management. 130 Puppet. 131 Chef. 131 Juju 131 Landscape 131 dotdee 131 References 132 10 Command-Line Quickstart 133 What Is the Command Line? 134 Accessing the Command Line 135 Text-Based Console Login 136 Logging Out 137 Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer. 137 User Accounts. 138 Understanding the Linux File System Hierarchy 140 Essential Commands in /bin and /sbin 141 Configuration Files in /etc 141 User Directories: /home 142 Using the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact with the Kernel 142 Working with Shared Data in the /usr Directory 144 Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory 144 Accessing Variable Data Files in the /var Directory. 144 Navigating the Linux File System 145 Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls. 145 Changing Directories with cd 147 Finding Your Current Directory with pwd 147 Working with Permissions 148 Assigning Permissions 148 Directory Permissions. 150 Altering File Permissions with chmod 150 File Permissions with chgrp 152 Changing File Permissions with chown. 152 Understanding Set User ID and Set Group ID Permissions 152 Working with Files 153 Creating a File with touch. 153 Creating a Directory with mkdir. 154 Deleting a Directory with rmdir 154 Deleting a File or Directory with rm 155 Moving or Renaming a File with mv 156 Copying a File with cp. 157 Displaying the Contents of a File with cat. 157 Displaying the Contents of a File with less 157 Using Wildcards and Regular Expressions 158 Working as Root. 158 Creating Users. 159 Deleting Users. 160 Shutting Down the System. 161 Rebooting the System. 162 Reading Documentation. 162 Using apropros 162 Using Man Pages 163 References 164 11 Command-Line Master Class 165 Why Use the Command Line?. 166 Using Basic Commands 167 Printing the Contents of a File with cat 168 Changing Directories with cd 169 Changing File Access Permissions with chmod 171 Copying Files with cp. 171 Printing Disk Usage with du 172 Finding Files by Searching with find. 173 Searches for a String in Input with grep 175 Paging Through Output with less. 176 Creating Links Between Files with ln 178 Finding Files from an Index with locate 180 Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls 180 Reading Manual Pages with man 182 Making Directories with mkdir. 183 Moving Files with mv. 183 Listing Processes with ps. 184 Deleting Files and Directories with rm 184 Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail. 185 Printing Resource Usage with top 186 Printing the Location of a Command with which 187 Redirecting Output and Input 187 Combining Commands 189 Using Environment Variables 191 Using Common Text Editors 194 Working with nano 195 Working with vi. 196 Working with emacs. 197 Working with Compressed Files 199 Using Multiple Terminals with byobu. 200 References 201 12 Managing Users 203 User Accounts. 203 The Super User/Root User 204 User IDs and Group IDs 206 File Permissions. 206 Managing Groups. 207 Group Listing. 207 Group Management Tools 208 Managing Users 210 User Management Tools. 210 Adding New Users 212 Monitoring User Activity on the System 216 Managing Passwords 217 System Password Policy 217 The Password File 217 Shadow Passwords 218 Managing Password Security for Users. 221 Changing Passwords in a Batch. 221 Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users 221 Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command 222 Granting Root Privileges on Occasion: The sudo Command. 224 Disk Quotas. 226 Implementing Quotas 227 Manually Configuring Quotas. 228 Related Ubuntu Commands 228 References 229 13 Automating Tasks and Shell Scripting 231 Scheduling Tasks 231 Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later. 231 Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly 234 Basic Shell Control 236 The Shell Command Line 237 Shell Pattern-Matching Support 239 Redirecting Input and Output. 240 Piping Data 241 Background Processing 241 Writing and Executing a Shell Script. 242 Running the New Shell Program 243 Storing Shell Scripts for Systemwide Access 244 Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells 245 Using Variables in Shell Scripts 246 Assigning a Value to a Variable 246 Accessing Variable Values 247 Positional Parameters 247 A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter. 248 Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve Variables from the Command Line 248 Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks. 249 Built-In Variables 251 Special Characters. 252 Using Double Quotes to Resolve Variables in Strings with Embedded Spaces 253 Using Single Quotes to Maintain Unexpanded Variables. 253 Using the Backslash as an Escape Character 254 Using the Backtick to Replace a String with Output 255 Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash. 255 Comparing Expressions with tcsh 260 The for Statement 264 The while Statement 266 The until Statement 268 The repeat Statement (tcsh) 268 The select Statement (pdksh). 269 The shift Statement 269 The if Statement. 270 The case Statement 271 The break and exit Statements. 273 Using Functions in Shell Scripts 273 References 274 14 The Boot Process 275 Running Services at Boot 275 Beginning the Boot Loading Process 276 Loading the Linux Kernel. 277 System Services and Runlevels 278 Runlevel Definitions 278 Booting into the Default Runlevel 279 Understanding init Scripts and the Final Stage of Initialization 279 Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools 280 Changing Runlevels 281 Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems 282 Starting and Stopping Services Manually 283 Using Upstart 283 References 284 15 System-Monitoring Tools 285 Console-Based Monitoring 285 Using the kill Command to Control Processes 287 Using Priority Scheduling and Control 288 Displaying Free and Used Memory with free 290 Disk Space 291 Disk Quotas. 291 Graphical Process and System Management Tools 292 System Monitor. 292 Conky 294 Other 298 KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools. 299 Enterprise Server Monitoring. 299 Landscape 299 Other 299 References 300 16 Backing Up 301 Choosing a Backup Strategy 301 Why Data Loss Occurs. 302 Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources 303 Evaluating Backup Strategies. 305 Making the Choice 307 Choosing Backup Hardware and Media 308 Removable Storage Media 308 CD-RW and DVD+RW/-RW Drives. 308 Network Storage 309 Tape Drive Backup 309 Cloud Storage 310 Using Backup Software 310 tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool 310 The GNOME File Roller 312 The KDE ark Archiving Tool. 313 Deja Dup 313 Back In Time 315 Unison 317 Using the Amanda Backup Application 318 Alternative Backup Software 319 Copying Files. 319 Copying Files Using tar. 319 Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams 320 Copying Files Using cp 321 Copying Files Using mc 321 Using rsync. 322 Version Control for Configuration Files. 323 System Rescue. 326 The Ubuntu Rescue Disc 326 Restoring the GRUB2 Boot Loader 326 Saving Files from a Nonbooting Hard Drive 327 References 328 17 Networking 329 Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface 330 Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface 330 Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually 330 Networking with TCP/IP. 333 TCP/IP Addressing 334 Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu. 336 Ports. 336 Network Organization. 337 Subnetting. 337 Subnet Masks. 338 Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing 338 Hardware Devices for Networking 339 Network Interface Cards 339 Network Cable 341 Hubs and Switches. 342 Routers and Bridges 343 Initializing New Network Hardware 344 Using Network Configuration Tools. 346 Command-Line Network Interface Configuration. 346 /bin/netstat. 350 Network Configuration Files. 351 Using Graphical Configuration Tools 353 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 355 How DHCP Works 355 Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time 356 DHCP Software Installation and Configuration. 357 Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts 359 Other Uses for DHCP 361 Wireless Networking 361 Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu. 361 Advantages of Wireless Networking 363 Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols 363 Beyond the Network and onto the Internet 364 Common Configuration Information 364 Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access 366 Understanding PPP over Ethernet. 366 Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually 367 Configuring Dial-Up Internet Access. 368 Troubleshooting Connection Problems. 369 References 370 18 Remote Access with SSH and Telnet 373 Setting Up a Telnet Server 373 Telnet Versus SSH 375 Setting Up an SSH Server 375 SSH Tools 375 Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines 376 Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines. 377 Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-Based Logins 377 Virtual Network Computing. 379 References 382 19 Securing Your Machines 383 Understanding Computer Attacks 383 Assessing Your Vulnerability 385 Protecting Your Machine 386 Securing a Wireless Network. 387 Passwords and Physical Security 387 Configuring and Using Tripwire 388 Devices 389 Viruses 389 Configuring Uncomplicated Firewall 390 AppArmor. 392 Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan. 395 References 396 20 Performance Tuning 399 Hard Disk. 399 Using the BIOS and Kernel to Tune the Disk Drives 400 The hdparm Command. 401 File System Tuning. 402 The tune2fs Command. 402 The e2fsck Command. 403 The badblocks Command. 403 Disabling File Access Time. 403 Kernel 404 Apache 405 MySQL 406 Measuring Key Buffer Usage 406 Using the Query Cache. 408 Miscellaneous Tweaks. 409 Query Optimization. 410 References 410 21 Kernel and Module Management 411 The Linux Kernel 412 The Linux Source Tree 413 Types of Kernels 415 Managing Modules 416 When to Recompile 418 Kernel Versions 419 Obtaining the Kernel Sources 420 Patching the Kernel 421 Compiling the Kernel. 422 Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel. 425 Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image. 429 When Something Goes Wrong 429 Errors During Compile 429 Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops. 430 References 431 Part IV Ubuntu as a Server 22 File and Print 433 Using the Network File System 434 Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS 434 NFS Server Configuration. 434 NFS Client Configuration. 436 Putting Samba to Work 437 Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf. 438 Testing Samba with the testparm Command. 442 Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the smbd Daemon. 442 Mounting Samba Shares 443 Configuring Samba Using SWAT. 444 Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu. 448 Creating Network Printers 448 Using the Common UNIX Printing System GUI. 450 Avoiding Printer Support Problems 453 References 454 23 Apache Web Server Management 455 About the Apache Web Server. 455 Installing the Apache Server 457 Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories 457 Building the Source Yourself 458 Starting and Stopping Apache 460 Starting the Apache Server Manually. 461 Using /etc/init.d/apache2 462 Runtime Server Configuration Settings. 463 Runtime Configuration Directives 464 Editing apache2.conf 464 Apache Multiprocessing Modules 467 Using .htaccess Configuration Files. 467 File System Authentication and Access Control 469 Restricting Access with allow and deny 470 Authentication. 471 Final Words on Access Control. 473 Apache Modules. 474 mod_access. 475 mod_alias 475 mod_asis 475 mod_auth 476 mod_auth_anon 476 mod_auth_dbm. 476 mod_auth_digest 476 mod_autoindex 477 mod_cgi 477 mod_dir and mod_env. 477 mod_expires 477 mod_headers 477 mod_include 478 mod_info and mod_log_config 478 mod_mime and mod_mime_magic 478 mod_negotiation 478 mod_proxy 478 mod_rewrite 478 mod_setenvif. 479 mod_speling 479 mod_status. 479 mod_ssl 479 mod_unique_id 479 mod_userdir 479 mod_usertrack 479 mod_vhost_alias 479 Virtual Hosting 480 Address-Based Virtual Hosts. 480 Name-Based Virtual Hosts 481 Logging 482 References 484 24 Other HTTP Servers 485 Nginx. 485 lighttpd 487 Yaws 488 Cherokee 488 Jetty 489 thttpd 489 Apache Tomcat 490 References 490 25 Remote File Serving with FTP 491 Choosing an FTP Server. 491 Choosing an Authenticated or Anonymous Server 492 Ubuntu FTP Server Packages 492 Other FTP Servers 492 Installing FTP Software 493 The FTP User 494 Configuring the Very Secure FTP Server. 496 Controlling Anonymous Access 497 Other vsftpd Server Configuration Files 498 Using the ftphosts File to Allow or Deny FTP Server Connection 499 References 500 26 Handling Email 501 How Email Is Sent and Received 501 The Mail Transport Agent 502 Choosing an MTA. 504 The Mail Delivery Agent 504 The Mail User Agent 505 Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation 506 Configuring Masquerading. 508 Using Smart Hosts 509 Setting Message Delivery Intervals 509 Mail Relaying. 510 Forwarding Email with Aliases 510 Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail. 511 Installing Fetchmail 511 Configuring Fetchmail. 511 Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent 515 Procmail 515 Spamassassin 515 Squirrelmail. 516 Virus Scanners 516 Autoresponders 516 Alternatives to Microsoft Exchange Server 516 Microsoft Exchange Server/Outlook Client. 517 CommuniGate Pro. 517 Oracle Beehive 517 Bynari. 518 Open-Xchange 518 phpgroupware. 518 PHProjekt. 518 Horde 518 References 519 27 Proxying and Reverse Proxying 521 What Is a Proxy Server? 521 Installing Squid. 522 Configuring Clients 522 Access Control Lists 523 Specifying Client IP Addresses 527 Sample Configurations 528 References 530 28 Administering Relational Database Services 531 A Brief Review of Database Basics 532 How Relational Databases Work 533 Understanding SQL Basics. 536 Creating Tables. 536 Inserting Data into Tables 537 Retrieving Data from a Database 538 Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL 540 Speed 540 Data Locking 541 ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity 542 SQL Subqueries 542 Procedural Languages and Triggers. 542 Configuring MySQL. 543 Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User 544 Creating a Database in MySQL. 544 Configuring PostgreSQL 546 Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL 547 Creating a Database in PostgreSQL 547 Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL. 548 Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL. 548 Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL 549 Database Clients 550 SSH Access to a Database 550 Local GUI Client Access to a Database. 551 Web Access to a Database. 552 The MySQL Command-Line Client. 553 The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client 555 Graphical Clients. 555 References 556 29 NoSQL Databases 557 Key/Value Stores. 559 Berkeley DB 560 Cassandra. 560 Memcached and MemcacheDB 561 Redis 561 Document Stores. 562 CouchDB 562 MongoDB. 563 BaseX 564 Wide Column Stores 564 BigTable 565 HBase 565 References 565 30 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) 567 Configuring the Server 568 Creating Your Schema 568 Populating Your Directory. 570 Configuring Clients 572 Evolution 572 Thunderbird 572 Administration 572 References 574 31 Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) 575 Requirements 576 Installation. 579 Using LTSP 580 References 581 32 Virtualization on Ubuntu 583 KVM 585 VirtualBox. 589 VMware. 591 Xen. 591 References 591 33 Ubuntu in the Cloud 593 Why a Cloud?. 594 Ubuntu Cloud and Eucalyptus. 595 Deploy/Install Basics: Public or Private?. 596 Public 597 Private 598 A euca2ools Primer. 601 Ubuntu Cloud and OpenStack. 603 Compute Infrastructure (Nova) 603 Storage Infrastructure (Swift) 604 Imaging Service (Glance) 604 Installation. 604 Creating an Image 614 Instance Management 617 Storage Management. 617 Network Management 618 An OpenStack Commands Primer. 618 Learning More 618 Landscape 619 Juju. 619 Orchestra 620 References 620 Part V Programming Linux 34 Opportunistic Development 623 Version Control Systems. 624 Managing Software Projects with Subversion 624 Managing Software Projects with Bazaar 625 Managing Software Projects with Mercurial 626 Managing Software Projects with Git 627 Introduction to Opportunistic Development. 628 Launchpad 629 Quickly. 631 Ground Control 635 Bikeshed and Other Tools 638 References 641 35 Helping with Ubuntu Testing and QA 643 Community Teams 643 Ubuntu Testing Team 644 QA Team. 645 Bug Squad. 645 Test Drive. 645 References 648 36 Using Perl 649 Using Perl with Linux 649 Perl Versions 650 A Simple Perl Program. 650 Perl Variables and Data Structures 652 Perl Variable Types. 653 Special Variables 653 Operators. 654 Comparison Operators 654 Compound Operators. 655 Arithmetic Operators. 655 Other Operators 656 Special String Constants 657 Conditional Statements: if/else and unless 657 if 657 unless 658 Looping. 658 for. 659 foreach 659 while. 660 until. 660 last and next 660 do .. while and do .. until 661 Regular Expressions 661 Access to the Shell 662 Modules and CPAN. 663 Code Examples 664 Sending Mail 664 Purging Logs. 666 Posting to Usenet 667 One-Liners 668 Command-Line Processing 668 References 669 37 Using PHP 671 Introduction to PHP 672 Entering and Exiting PHP Mode 672 Variables 673 Arrays. 674 Constants. 676 References 676 Comments 677 Escape Sequences. 677 Variable Substitution 679 Operators 679 Conditional Statements 681 Special Operators. 683 Switching 683 Loops 685 Including Other Files. 687 Basic Functions 688 Strings 688 Arrays. 692 Files 693 Miscellaneous 696 Handling HTML Forms. 699 Databases. 700 References 702 38 Using Python 705 Python on Linux. 706 The Basics of Python. 707 Numbers 707 More on Strings. 709 Lists 712 Dictionaries 714 Conditionals and Looping. 715 Functions. 717 Object Orientation 718 Class and Object Variables 719 Constructors and Destructors. 720 Class Inheritance 721 The Standard Library and the Python Package Index 722 References 723 39 C/C++ Programming Tools for Ubuntu 725 Programming in C with Linux. 726 Using the C Programming Project Management Tools Provided with Ubuntu. 727 Building Programs with make 727 Using Makefiles. 727 Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code 729 Debugging Tools. 730 Using the GNU C Compiler 731 Graphical Development Tools. 732 Using the KDevelop Client. 732 The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME. 733 References 734 40 Using Mono 737 Why Use Mono? 738 MonoDevelop. 739 The Structure of a C# Program 741 Printing Out the Parameters 743 Creating Your Own Variables 743 Adding Some Error Checking. 744 Building on Mono's Libraries. 745 Creating a GUI with Gtk# 745 References 746 41 Using Other Popular Programming Languages 749 Ada. 750 Clojure 750 COBOL. 751 Erlang 752 Forth. 752 Fortran 753 Groovy 753 Haskell 754 Java 754 JavaScript. 755 Lisp. 755 Lua 756 Ruby 756 Scala 756 Vala 757 References 757 42 Beginning Mobile Development for Android 759 Introduction to Android 760 Hardware 760 Linux Kernel. 760 Libraries. 760 Android Runtime. 760 Application Framework. 761 Applications 761 Installing the Android SDK 761 Install Java 761 Install Eclipse. 761 Install the SDK 762 Install the ADT Eclipse Plug-In. 762 Install Other Components. 762 Install Virtual Devices 763 Create Your First Application. 764 References 765 Part VI Appendices A Ubuntu Under the Hood 767 What Is Linux? 767 Why Use Linux? 769 What Is Ubuntu?. 770 Ubuntu for Business. 771 Ubuntu in Your Home. 773 64-Bit Ubuntu. 773 Getting the Most from Ubuntu and Linux Documentation. 773 Ubuntu Developers and Documentation 775 References 775 B Ubuntu and Linux Internet Resources 777 Websites and Search Engines 778 Web Search Tips 778 Google Is Your Friend 779 Ubuntu Package Listings 779 Certification 779 Commercial Support 780 Documentation. 780 Linux Guides 781 Ubuntu. 781 Mini-CD Linux Distributions 781 Various Intel-Based Linux Distributions 782 PowerPC-Based Linux Distributions 782 Linux on Laptops and PDAs 783 The X Window System 783 Usenet Newsgroups 783 Mailing Lists. 784 Ubuntu Project Mailing Lists 785 Internet Relay Chat 785 Index 787