A Review of Honeybee Biodiversity, Behaviour and Management (PDF)

Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Biology - Zoology, grade: A, ( Atlantic International University ) (School of Science and Engineering), course: Master of Science (Applied Entomology), language: English, abstract: Bees evolved in specific areas of the world long ago, before they spread to become
globally as they are today (Tables 1 and II), according to Kugonza (2009). As they
spread, they became adapted to the local ecological conditions of the different areas,
changing in morphology and behaviour to fit within the requirements of the ecosystem,
giving rise to a wide bee biodiversity of bee species and races we see today. Bees are
classified under Animal Kingdom, Phylum Arthropoda. They belong to Class Insecta,
which is divided into 29 Orders. Bees belong to the order Hymenoptera, which has three
Super families, namely: Apoidea (bees), Formicoidea (ants) and Vespoidea (wasps).
There are around 30,000 named species of bees (Apoidea). Apoidea is further divided
into several Families, namely Apidae (social bees), colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae,
Melittidae, Megachilidae, and Anthophoridae. Most of the Families have solitary
individuals: each female bee makes her own nest, lays a single egg and provides food for
the single larva that develops. However, a high level of social development is shown by
the species in Apidae where the individuals live together in a permanent, large colony,
headed by a single egg-laying queen (BfD, 2003c). Apidae is composed of four genera:
Apis (honeybees), Trigona and Melipona (stingless bees), and Bombus (bumble bees).
According to MAAIF (2012a), the genus Apis is comprised of 5 main species of honey
bees: Apis dorsata (the giant honey bee); Apis laboriosa (the darker giant honey bee);
Apis florea (the little or dwarf honey bee); Apis cerana (formerly Apis indica), is the
eastern hive honey bee; and Apis mellifera (western honey bee). These species have
evolved and differentiated into more species and races of honey bees. Kugonza (2009)
described 9 species of honey bees in the world, which Oldroyd and Wongsiri (2006)
grouped under 3 subgenera: Micrapis (Apis florea and A. andreniformis), Megapis (A.
dorsata and A. laboriosa) and Apis (A. cerana, recently recognized as separate races of
A. nigrocinta, A. koschevnikovi and A. nuluensis, and A. mellifera). Dietz (1992), Hussein
(2000) and Wikipedia (2012) described over 28 races of A. mellifera alone. Beekeeping
started with honey bees (Apis species), a practice called Apiculture, although keeping of
stingless bees, belonging to the genera Trigona and Melipona, a practice called
Meliponiculture, has recently picked up [...]