Handbook of Modern Sensors (PDF)
This book is about devices commonly called sensors. Digital systems, however complex and intelligent they might be, must receive information from the outside world that is generally analog and not electrical. Sensors are interface devices between various...
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This book is about devices commonly called sensors. Digital systems, however complex and intelligent they might be, must receive information from the outside world that is generally analog and not electrical. Sensors are interface devices between various physical values and the electronic circuits who "understand" only a language of moving electrical charges. In other words, sensors are the eyes, ears, and noses of silicon chips.
Unlike other books on sensors, this book is organized according to the measured variables (temperature, pressure, position, etc.) that make it much more practical and easier to read. In this new edition recent ideas and developments have been added while less important and non-essential designs were dropped. Sections on practical designs and use of the modern micro-machining technologies have been revised substantially.
This book is a reference text that can be used by students, researchers interested in modern instrumentation (applied physicists and engineers), sensor designers, application engineers and technicians whose job it is to understand, select and/or design sensors for practical systems.
The scope of this book is rather broad covering many different designs. Some are well known, but describing them is still useful for students and those who look for a convenient reference. It is the author's intention to present a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the theory (physical principles), design, and practical implementations of various sensors for scientific, industrial, and consumer applications.
About the Author:
Jacob Fraden holds a Ph. D. in medical electronics and is the CEO of Advanced Monitors Corp., a company that produces medical and veterinary temperature sensors and monitors. He holds over 30 patents in the areas of sensing, medical instrumentation, consumer electronics, security, and others.
"To learn something new,
first, you must know something old."
- My physics teacher
10.1 Concepts of Pressure
The pressure concept was primarily based on the pioneering work of Evangelista Torricelli, who, for a short time, was a student of Galileo [1]. During his experiments with mercury-filled dishes, in 1643, he realized that the atmosphere exerts pressure on Earth. Another great experimenter, Blaise Pascal, in 1647, conducted an experiment, with the help of his brother-in-law Perier, on the top of the mountain Puy de Dome and at its base. He observed that pressure exerted on the column of mercury depends on elevation. He named the mercury-in-vacuum instrument they used in the experiment a barometer. In 1660, Robert Boyle stated his famous relationship: The product of the measures of pressure and volume is constant for a given mass of air at fixed temperature. In 1738, Daniel Bernoulli developed an impact theory of gas pressure to the point where Boyles law could be deducted analytically. Bernoulli also anticipated the CharlesGayLussac law by stating that pressure is increased by heating gas at a constant volume. For a detailed description of gas and .uid dynamics, the reader is referred to one of the many books on the fundamentals of physics. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the basics which are essential for the design and use of pressure sensors.
In general terms, matter can be classi.ed into solids and .uids. The word fluid describes something which can flow. That includes liquids and gases. The distinction between liquids and gases are not quite definite. By varying pressure, it is possible to change liquid into gas and vice versa. It is impossible to apply pressure to fluid in any direction except normal to its surface. At any angle, except 90., fluid will just slide over, or .ow. Therefore, any force applied to .uid is tangential and the pressure exerted on boundaries
p = dF/ dA (10.1)
Pressure is basically a mechanical concept that can be fully described in terms of the primary dimensions of mass, length, and time. It is a familiar fact that pressure is strongly in.uenced by the position within the boundaries; however, at a given position, it is quite independent of direction.We note the expected variations in pressure with elevation:
dp = - wdh (10.2)
where w is the specific weight of the medium and h represents the vertical height. Pressure is unaffected by the shape of the con.ning boundaries. Thus, a great variety of pressure sensors can be designed without concern for shape and dimensions.
If pressure is applied to one of the sides of the surface con.ning a .uid or gas, the pressure is transferred to the entire surface without diminishing in value.
Jacob Fraden holds a Ph. D. in medical electronics and is the CEO of Advanced Monitors Corp., a company that produces medical and veterinary temperature sensors and monitors. He holds over 30 patents in the areas of sensing, medical instrumentation, consumer electronics, security, and others.
- Autor: Jacob Fraden
- 2006, 3rd ed. 2004, 589 Seiten, Englisch
- Verlag: Springer, New York
- ISBN-10: 0387216049
- ISBN-13: 9780387216041
- Erscheinungsdatum: 29.04.2006
Abhängig von Bildschirmgröße und eingestellter Schriftgröße kann die Seitenzahl auf Ihrem Lesegerät variieren.
- Dateiformat: PDF
- Größe: 12 MB
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