The Behavioral Sciences and Health Care (ePub)
(Sprache: Englisch)
The brand new edition of this clearly structured, compact text on the behavioral sciences for medical and other students and trainees provides succinct information about the wide variety of behavioral, social, and psychological sciences that comprise the...
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The brand new edition of this clearly structured, compact text on the behavioral sciences for medical and other students and trainees provides succinct information about the wide variety of behavioral, social, and psychological sciences that comprise the behavioral sciences relevant to health and wellness, and includes practical features such as annotated review questions and a practice exam. Sections are based around but expand on the Integrated Sciences Model, and integrate the Institute of Medicine’s key themes for medical training.
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12 School Years (P. 94) • Why is thinking during middle childhood called "concrete operational"?
• What are the characteristics of peer groups during middle childhood?
• What motivates a 10yearold to "do the right thing"?
• What are the major health concerns of middle childhood?
• What are the three major identity issues of adolescence?
• How does timing of pubertal development influence selfconcept?
• How do different "developmental trajectories" manifest themselves during adolescence?
• Why might an adolescent experience problems feeling close to someone?
Middle Childhood (6 to 12 Years)
Although middle childhood is a period of significant physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development, changes are more gradual and subtle than those that accompany the dramatic growth surges found during the infancy/preschool and the adolescent years. From the age of 6 years until the adolescent growth spurt, children grow about 6 cm and gain approximately 3 kg each year. As early as age 7, production of adrenal steroids increases in both boys and girls, this is followed by increases in estrogen and then androgen production.
As a result, fat is deposited in subcutaneous tissues beginning at approximately age 8 in girls and age 10 in boys. In many girls, the first pubertal changes of breast budding followed by pubic and ancillary hair growth occur during middle childhood. Menarche (onset of menses) occurs after the growth spurt. In girls, the growth rate begins to accelerate as early as 10 years of age, with most girls experiencing their major growth spurt between 11 and 13 years.
Boys typically develop later than girls, their major growth spurt is between 13 and 15 years. Bone and muscle growth results in enhanced physical coordination and more complex motor skills. Whereas the 5-year-old can run, ride a tricycle,
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print his name, and throw a ball, most 10- year-olds have mastered a two-wheel bike, can run and dribble a ball simultaneously, and write in cursive. Permanent teeth begin erupting during the early elementary school period.
Loss of the primary or deciduous (baby) teeth occurs at a rate of about four teeth per year, from age 6–14. Neurological changes result in important cognitive developments. Continued myelinization of the cortex is manifested by increased numbers and density of dendrites and synaptic connections. Brain cell genesis, nerve myelination, and dendrite pruning, particularly in the frontal cortex, increases during late childhood and early adolescence and continues into young adult life.
During childhood, the thickness of the cerebral cortex varies with periods of thickening and thinning and the cortical fissures become more prominent. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity transitions from primarily delta wave (frequency: 3–5/ sec) to predominantly alpha wave (frequency: 8– 13/sec) activity after age 6. EEG activity becomes increasingly stable, localized, and function-specific depending on the task the child is doing.
Cognitive Development
Why is thinking during middle childhood called "concrete operational"? By the age of 7, most children can consider more than one characteristic of an object or issue simultaneously and understand that an object does not change merely because its appearance varies.
Loss of the primary or deciduous (baby) teeth occurs at a rate of about four teeth per year, from age 6–14. Neurological changes result in important cognitive developments. Continued myelinization of the cortex is manifested by increased numbers and density of dendrites and synaptic connections. Brain cell genesis, nerve myelination, and dendrite pruning, particularly in the frontal cortex, increases during late childhood and early adolescence and continues into young adult life.
During childhood, the thickness of the cerebral cortex varies with periods of thickening and thinning and the cortical fissures become more prominent. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity transitions from primarily delta wave (frequency: 3–5/ sec) to predominantly alpha wave (frequency: 8– 13/sec) activity after age 6. EEG activity becomes increasingly stable, localized, and function-specific depending on the task the child is doing.
Cognitive Development
Why is thinking during middle childhood called "concrete operational"? By the age of 7, most children can consider more than one characteristic of an object or issue simultaneously and understand that an object does not change merely because its appearance varies.
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Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: John Carr
- 2007, Englisch
- Herausgegeben: Olle J Sahler, John E Carr
- Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing GmbH
- ISBN-10: 1613343078
- ISBN-13: 9781613343074
Abhängig von Bildschirmgröße und eingestellter Schriftgröße kann die Seitenzahl auf Ihrem Lesegerät variieren.
eBook Informationen
- Dateiformat: ePub
- Größe: 2.14 MB
- Mit Kopierschutz
Sprache:
Englisch
Kopierschutz
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