Power Definitions and the Physical Mechanism of Power Flow (PDF)

Preface. 1 Electric Energy Flow: Physical Mechanisms. 1.1 Problems. 1.2 References. 2 Single-Phase SystemsWith Sinusoidal Waveforms. 2.1 The Resistance. 2.2 The Inductance. 2.3 The Capacitance. 2.4 The R - L - C Loads. 2.5 The Apparent Power. 2.6 The Concept of Power Factor and Power Factor Correction. 2.7 Comments on Power Factor. 2.8 Other Means of Reactive Power Control and Compensation. 2.9 Series Compensation. 2.10 Reactive Power Caused by Mechanical Components that Store Energy. 2.11 Physical Interpretation of Instantaneous Powers by Means of Poynting Vector. 2.12 Problems. 2.13 References. 3 Single-Phase Systems with Nonsinusoidal Waveforms. 3.1 The Linear Resistance. 3.2 The Linear Inductance. 3.3 The Linear Capacitance. 3.4 The Linear Series R - L - C Circuit. 3.5 The Nonlinear Resistance. 3.6 The Nonlinear Inductance 3.7 Nonlinear Load: The General Case. 3.8 Problems. 3.9 References. 4 Apparent Power Resolution for Nonsinusoidal Single-Phase Systems. 4.1 Constantin I. Budeanu's Method. 4.2 Stanislaw Fryze's Method. 4.3 Manfred Depenbrock's Method. 4.4 Leszek Czarnecki's Method. 4.5 The Author's Method. 4.6 Comparison Among the Methods. 4.7 Power Factor Compensation. 4.8 Comments on Skin Effect, Apparent Power and Power Factor. 4.9 The Additiveness Problem. 4.10 Problems. 4.11 References. 5 Three-Phase Systems with Sinusoidal Waveforms. 5.1 Background: The Balanced and Symmetrical System. 5.2 The Three-Phase Unbalanced System. 5.3 The Power Factor Dilemma. 5.4 Powers and Symmetrical Components. 5.5 Effective Apparent Power Resolutions. 5.6 Problems. 5.7 References. 6 Three-Phase Nonsinusoidal and Unbalanced Conditions. 6.1 The Vector Apparent Power Approach. 6.2 The IEEE standard 1459 - 2000's Approach. 6.3 The DIN 40110's Approach. 6.4 Observations and Suggestions. 6.5 Problems. 6.6 References. 7 Power Definitions for Time-Varying Loads. 7.1 Background: Basic Example. 7.2 Single-Phase, Sinusoidal Case. 7.3 Single-Phase, Nonsinusoidal Case. 7.4 Three-Phase

Professor Alexander Eigeles Emanuel, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
Professor Emanuel has been working in the power field for around 45 years and he is currently Chairman of the Working Group that is responsible for the IEEE Std. 1459-2000. Founder of the International Conference on Harmonics and Power Quality, much of his groundbreaking work focuses on the effects of voltage and current waveform distortions on electrical systems.
After holding engineering posts in Israel and Romania, Professor Emanuel joined Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1974. In 2008 he received the Chairman's Exemplary Faculty Prize from the institute, awarded for outstanding teaching and research. Besides this, he has also won the Board of Trustee's award, the 1998 R.H. Lee award from the IEEE Industry Applicationns Society, and many others including the Power Systems Instrumentation and Measurement Award. An IEEE Life Fellow, Professor Emanuel has been published in over 200 journal articals and recently contributed to Paulo Ribeiro's book Time-Varying Waveform Distortions in Power Systems, published by Wiley in 2009.

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