A Look at Zambia's Road Financing Strategies: The Impact of Incongruent Policies and Budgets
(Sprache: Englisch)
There are various reasons why the road asset in Zambia has been deteriorating over the past five decades since independence. Much effort to restore the road asset to its original value and keep it maintained in a good and safe condition was initiated in mid...
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There are various reasons why the road asset in Zambia has been deteriorating over the past five decades since independence. Much effort to restore the road asset to its original value and keep it maintained in a good and safe condition was initiated in mid 1990s with the launch of the Road Sector Investment Plan Phase I, which was immediately followed by the launch of a Phase II to run from 2003 to 2013. It is my appreciation that many diagnostic studies into road financing strategies which could have led to inefficient road asset management in Zambia have been undertaken, and various solutions tendered.The author takes cognizance that resource mobilization for road construction and maintenance, and subsequent allocation to respective road programs can often be problematic for an emerging country like Zambia. It has the potential to lead to inefficiencies in road asset management as has evidently been demonstrated in the declining road asset value over time. The political, as well as the economic, landscape plays a vital role in resource mobilization and allocation strategies as much as the institutional and the legal framework do.
The failure to clear the backlog of maintenance which normally results, largely, from deferment of scheduled maintenance due to insufficient annual budgetary allocation to the road sector maintenance programs has led to the significant deterioration in road network condition. Exorbitant road construction costs have posed additional challenges to the fiscus, thereby constraining both the quantity and quality of road infrastructure that could be constructed and maintained at any given time. Recent policy drives have been categorical in their preference of new road construction aimed at linking Zambia, over road maintenance, which plays a pivotal role in road asset management.
This creates a perception that policy pronouncements are at variance to policy documents which promote sustainable economic development through efficient
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road investments and could be seen as being paradoxical in that the actual financing strategies are skewed towards road construction, a recipe of comfort for the next election challenge due to increased visibility on the ground, rather than to maintenance, as an astute and effective way of managing the road asset.
The difficult of establishing congruence between government pronouncements and actual road business strategies in the implementing agencies has, over the years, posed challenges to the fiscal policy implementation. Consequently, this has often led to serious budget overruns due, firstly, to unplanned expenditure and, secondly, variations due to scope increase resulting from project implementation without having prior designs. This has led to high operating inefficiencies of existing roads due to the high level of pavement degradation, with the eventual effect of higher vehicle operating costs, longer travel-times, driver and passenger discomfort, and ultimately, higher agency pavement replacement costs. The damage caused to the economy is apparent in all this.
The author carried out an analysis of road financing strategies in Zambia, taking a special look into the past decade, with the view to ascertaining the extent to which roads budgets have been employed to fund new construction and maintenance. This was necessary to establish whether there was a mismatch in allocation of resources for roads in terms of needs and policy, in which new road construction is highly favored in preference to maintenance. It was hoped that if the mismatch existed, it would espouse some paradoxes which existed between the road asset management policies and actual strategies.
The research draws attention to the fact that over 80% of the Core Road Network is in poor condition, and only 68% of the paved Trunk, Main, and District road network could be said to be in good condition. Further investigations revealed that the country has been spending an average of 0.71% of its Gros
The difficult of establishing congruence between government pronouncements and actual road business strategies in the implementing agencies has, over the years, posed challenges to the fiscal policy implementation. Consequently, this has often led to serious budget overruns due, firstly, to unplanned expenditure and, secondly, variations due to scope increase resulting from project implementation without having prior designs. This has led to high operating inefficiencies of existing roads due to the high level of pavement degradation, with the eventual effect of higher vehicle operating costs, longer travel-times, driver and passenger discomfort, and ultimately, higher agency pavement replacement costs. The damage caused to the economy is apparent in all this.
The author carried out an analysis of road financing strategies in Zambia, taking a special look into the past decade, with the view to ascertaining the extent to which roads budgets have been employed to fund new construction and maintenance. This was necessary to establish whether there was a mismatch in allocation of resources for roads in terms of needs and policy, in which new road construction is highly favored in preference to maintenance. It was hoped that if the mismatch existed, it would espouse some paradoxes which existed between the road asset management policies and actual strategies.
The research draws attention to the fact that over 80% of the Core Road Network is in poor condition, and only 68% of the paved Trunk, Main, and District road network could be said to be in good condition. Further investigations revealed that the country has been spending an average of 0.71% of its Gros
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Text Sample:Chapter 1.1 Introduction:
The relative importance of road transport in the Zambian economy has increased over the decades, to some level where road transport constituted about 71% of freight in 2008 , although the figure quoted in the Transport Policy document was about 80% in 2002. There might be fluctuations in the figure quoted for each year but, with the apparent deterioration of existing railway transport infrastructure, an even higher estimate could be posted to date. The gazetted road network is about 67,000km compared with the railway network which is estimated at 2,400km (1,200km for Zambia Railways and 1,000km for TAZARA ). The huge disparity in network coverage is also reflected in budgetary allocation for the two transportation sub-sectors where, for instance, the Sixth National Development 2013-2016 allocations reflect the total budget of ZMW16.869 billion for roads and ZMW1.709 billion for railways.
Indisputably, the flexibility and versatility of a road transport system, due to its point-to-point distribution of freight and people can more easily be achieved where a well-developed road network exists. However, it must be stated without hesitation that an efficient road transport system is important for economic development, as transport costs constitute a significant part of the cost structure of the goods that a country produces or imports. If transport costs become unnecessarily high, then the country s products lose their competitive advantage in comparison with goods from other countries. Needless to mention, there is a cost that comes with any road transport system. Road transport costs include not only the cost of constructing and maintaining the road network, but also vehicle operating costs, which increase as roads deteriorate due to increased vehicle maintenance costs, and the costs associated with increased time-in-transit. Costing and cost recovery of road infrastructure has been a subject of many debates world-over and a
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host of solutions and models have been developed over the years in response to this challenge.
Raising the required finances for road construction and maintenance, and subsequent allocation to respective road programs can be a huge challenge for an emerging country like Zambia. This can lead to inefficiencies in road asset management as is evidently demonstrated in the declining road asset value over time. Political and economic landscape, institutional, and legal framework all play a vital role in resource mobilization and allocation strategies. The challenge of constrained resources should serve as a cardinal guide in striking the crucial balance required between funds allocated to road development and those allocated to road maintenance.
It is important for the fiscus to also consider the additional needs that require to be addressed on an annual basis, such as the clearance of backlog maintenance which results, largely, from deferment of scheduled maintenance due to insufficient annual budgetary allocation to the road sector maintenance programs. This reflects more significantly in the deteriorated road network condition in spite of the low volume of traffic on Zambia s roads compared to other bigger economies.
Government s recognition of these challenges is reflected in the changing legal and institutional framework in the country s road transport sector which has enabled the creation of several agencies such as the National Road Fund Agency (for resource mobilization, management, and disbursement), Road Development Agency (for planning, care and construction of roads), Road Transport and Safety Agency (for road safety and vehicle licensing), and National Council for Construction (for contractor regulation, training, and capacity building).
The challenges, however, persist in spite of all these road sector reforms. This, essentially, served as the greatest motivation for my undertaking a diagnostic study into the road transport sub-sector.
1.2 Problem statem
Raising the required finances for road construction and maintenance, and subsequent allocation to respective road programs can be a huge challenge for an emerging country like Zambia. This can lead to inefficiencies in road asset management as is evidently demonstrated in the declining road asset value over time. Political and economic landscape, institutional, and legal framework all play a vital role in resource mobilization and allocation strategies. The challenge of constrained resources should serve as a cardinal guide in striking the crucial balance required between funds allocated to road development and those allocated to road maintenance.
It is important for the fiscus to also consider the additional needs that require to be addressed on an annual basis, such as the clearance of backlog maintenance which results, largely, from deferment of scheduled maintenance due to insufficient annual budgetary allocation to the road sector maintenance programs. This reflects more significantly in the deteriorated road network condition in spite of the low volume of traffic on Zambia s roads compared to other bigger economies.
Government s recognition of these challenges is reflected in the changing legal and institutional framework in the country s road transport sector which has enabled the creation of several agencies such as the National Road Fund Agency (for resource mobilization, management, and disbursement), Road Development Agency (for planning, care and construction of roads), Road Transport and Safety Agency (for road safety and vehicle licensing), and National Council for Construction (for contractor regulation, training, and capacity building).
The challenges, however, persist in spite of all these road sector reforms. This, essentially, served as the greatest motivation for my undertaking a diagnostic study into the road transport sub-sector.
1.2 Problem statem
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Autoren-Porträt von Yohane Tembo
Engineer Dr. Yohane Tembo is a professional Civil Engineer who specializes in the design, management and monitoring of roads projects in Zambia. Currently, he works for the Zambia National Road Fund Agency. His previous appointments include those of Principal Engineer Design & Traffic in the Zambia Road Development Agency, as well as Quality Assurance Manager in Phoenix Contractors Denmark A/S, having held various positions of Design Engineer and Resident Engineer in different consulting firms on a number of large-scale road construction projects.His academic qualifications include a Bachelor of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of Zambia in Lusaka (2000), a Masters in Civil Engineering (specializing in Transportation Engineering) from the University of Stellenbosch in Cape Town (2010) and a Doctor of Philosophy in Transportation Economics at Atlantic International University, United States (2014). He is professionally registered as a Member with both the Engineering Institution of Zambia and the Engineers Registration Board.
Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Yohane Tembo
- 2015, Erstauflage, 124 Seiten, Maße: 15,5 x 22 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Anchor Academic Publishing
- ISBN-10: 3954893517
- ISBN-13: 9783954893515
Sprache:
Englisch
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