Amorphous Nanomaterials

Synthesis of 3D Amorphous Nanomaterials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Template-Engaged Strategies 7.2.1 Coordinating Etching Method 7.2.2 Acid/Alkali Etching Method 7.2.3 Redox Etching Method 7.2.4 Self-Templated Method 7.3 Electrochemical Method 7.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 7.5 Common Solution Method 7.6 Laser/Ultrasonic-Assisted Solution Method 7.7 Other Special Strategies 7.8 Conclusions and Outlook References Chapter 8 Amorphous Coated and Amorphous Doped or Hybrid Nanomaterials 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Amorphous Coated Nanomaterial by Atomic Layer Deposition 8.2.1 Amorphous Metal Oxide Thin Film Coating 8.2.2 Other Amorphous Thin Film Coating 8.3 Amorphous/Crystalline Structural Nanomaterials 8.3.1 1D Amorphous Coated Nanomaterials 8.3.1.1 Crystalline-Amorphous Homojunction Nanostructure 8.3.1.2 Crystalline-Amorphous Heterojunction Nanostructure 8.3.2 2D Amorphous Coated Nanomaterials 8.3.2.1 Carbon-based 2D Nanostructure 8.3.2.2 Amorphous Nanosheets on Ni Foam 8.3.2.3 Amorphous Metal Compounds Nanoplates 8.3.3 3D Amorphous Coated Nanomaterials 8.3.3.1 Silica Coating 8.3.3.2 Carbon Coating 8.3.3.3 Metal Oxide Coating 8.3.3.4 Metal Sulfide Coating 8.4 Amorphous Doped or Hybrid Nanomaterials 8.4.1 2D Amorphous Doped or Hybrid Crystalline Nanomaterials 8.4.2 3D Amorphous Doped or Hybrid Crystalline Nanomaterial 8.4.2.1 Two-Phase Metal Oxide Structure 8.4.2.2 Hollow Structure 8.5 Conclusion and Outlook Reference Chapter 9 The Application of Amorphous Nanomaterials in Electrocatalysis 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fundamentals of Electrocatalysis and the Roles of Catalysts 9.3 Amorphous Materials as Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting 9.3.1 Amorphous Electrocatalysts for HER 9.3.1.1 Amorphous Single Metallic Compounds for HER 9.3.1.2 Amorphous Binary Metallic Compounds for HER 9.3.1.3 Amorphous Composites for HER 9.3.2 Amorphous Electrocatalysts for OER 9.3.2.1 Amorphous Single Metallic Compounds for OER 9.3.2.2 Amorphous Binary Metallic Compounds for OER 9.3.2.3 Amorphous Single Polynary Compounds for OER 9.3.2.4 Amorphous Composite for OER 9.3.3 Amorphous Electrocatalysts for ORR 9.3.3.1 Amorphous Noble Metal Based Materials for ORR 9.3.3.2 Amorphous 3d Metal Based Materials for ORR 9.3.4 Amorphous Electrocatalysts for CRR 9.3.5 Amorphous Electrocatalysts for NER 9.3.6 Amorphous Compounds as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts 9.3.6.1 Amorphous Compounds as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts of HER&OER 9.3.6.2 Amorphous Compounds as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts of ORR&OER 9.4 Summary and Outlook References Chapter 10 The Application of Amorphous Nanomaterials in Batteries 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Negative Electrodes in Cells 10.2.1 Phosphorus Compounds 10.2.2 Silicon Compounds 10.2.3 Transition Metal Oxides 10.2.3.1 Iron Oxides 10.2.3.2 Titanium Oxides 10.2.3.3 Vanadium-Based Oxides 10.2.3.4 Tin-Based Oxides 10.2.4 Amorphous Carbon 10.3 Positive Electrodes in Cells 10.3.1 FePO4 10.3.2 Vanadate-Based Oxides 10.3.3 Metal Polysulfides 10.4 Outlook References Chapter 11 The Application of Amorphous Materials in Supercapacitors 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Application in Electric Double Layer Capacitors 11.3 The Application in Pseudocapacitors 11.3.1 Amorphous Metal Oxides 11.3.2 Amorphous Metal Sulfides 11.3.3 Other Amorphous Materials 11.4 Summary and Outlook References Chapter 12 The Application of Amorphous Nanomaterials in Photocatalysis 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Photocatalytic Degradation 12.3 Photocatalytic Decomposition of Water 12.4 Photo-electro Catalysis 12.5 Cocatalyst 12.6 Other 12.7 Summary and Outlook References Chapter 13 The Application of Amorphous Nanomaterials in Mechanics 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Mechanical Properties of Amorphous Nanomaterials 13.2.1 Amorphous Alloy/Metal 13.2.2 Amorphous Non-Metallic Materials 13.3 Strategy for Enhancing the Mechanical Performance 13.3.1 Introduction of Micro/Nano-Second Phase 13.3.2 Introduction of Micro/Nano Inhomogeneity 13.3.3 Surface Treatment 13.3.4 Composite Materials References