An Introduction to Agroforestry

fallows.- 8.1. Trajectory of Evolution: From Shifting Cultivation to Alley Cropping.- 8.2. Three Decades of Experience with Tropical Alley Cropping.- References.- 9. Silvopastoral systems.- 9.1. System Overview.- 9.2. Fodder Trees and Tree Fodder in the Tropics.- 9.3. Extensive Grazing Systems in Arid and Semiarid Tropics.- 9.4. Silvopastoral Systems in North America.- 9.5. Silvopstoral Ssystems in Europe.- 9.6. Silvopastoral Systems in Latin America.- References.- 10. Agroforestry in the temperate zone.- 10.1. Agroforestry as an Integrated Land-Use Strategy in the Industrialized Regions.- 10.2. Major Agroforestry Practices in North America [Alley Cropping, Forest Farming, Riparian Buffers, Silvopasture, Windbreaks].- 10.3. Agroforestry Systems in Europe.- 10.4. Agroforestry Systems in the Mediterranean Region.- 10.2. Agroforestry Systems in Southern (Temperate) Latitudes.- 11. Other agroforestry systems and practices.- 11.1. Agroforestry for Firewood Production.- 11.2. Agroforestry for Soil Conservation.- 11.3. Agroforestry and Landscape Restoration.- 11.4. Cinderella (Little-known) Agroforestry Systems and Species.- 11.5. Other Agroforestry-related Land Use Systems.- References.- Section III.  Biophysical foundations of agroforestry: plant productivity.- 12. General principles of plant productivity.- 12.1. Photosynthesis.- 12.2. Plant Productivity.- 12.3. Manipulation of Photosynthesis in Agroforestry.- References.- 13. Agroforestry (plant) species.- 13.1. Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs (MPTs) in Agroforestry.- 13.2. Perennial Herbaceous Species in Agroforestry.- 13.2. Annual Herbaceous Species in Agroforestry Systems.- 13.3. Species Selection for Agroforestry.- References.- Appendix: Short Descriptions of Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs (MPTs) commonly used in Agroforestry Systems.- 14. Component (plant) interactions in agroforestry.- 14.1. Principles of Ecological Interactions in Mixed Plant Communities (Niche Complementarity, Resource Competition, Competitive Exclusion).- 14.2. Positive (Production-Enhancing) Interactions.- 14.3. Negative (Production-Decreasing) Interactions.- 14.4. Management of Interactions.- References.- Section IV. Biophysical foundations of agroforestry: soil productivity and protection.- 15.   Major soil types and their properties: an overview.- 15.1. Physical Properties.- 15.2. Chemical Properties.- 15.3. Soil Biology.- 15.4. Soil Classification: The U.S. Soil Taxonomy and the FAO Legend.- 15.5. Tropical Soils.- References.- 16. Nutrient cycling and soil organic matter.- 16.1. Nutrient Cycling in Tropical Forest Ecosystems.- 16.2. Nutrient Cycling in Agroforestry Systems.- 16.3. Improving Nutrient Cycling Efficiency through Management.- 16.4. Soil Organic Matter.- 16.5. Litter Quality and Decomposition.- 16.6. Trees and Biomass Production.- 16.7. Role of Roots.- 16.8. Conclusions.- References.- 17. Biological nitrogen fixation and nitrogen fixing trees.- 17.1. Rhizobial Plants.- 17.2. Actinorhizal Plants.- 17.3. Estimation of Nitrogen Fixation.- 17.4. Technology for Exploiting Nitrogen-Fixing Trees in Agroforestry.- 17.5. Trends in N2 Fixation Research in Agroforestry.- References.- 18. Soil conservation.- 18.1. Changing Concepts and Trends.- 18.2. Measurement of Soil Erosion.- 18.3. Effect of Agroforestry on Erosion Factors.- 18.4. Trees as Windbreaks and Shelterbelts.- 18.5. Erosion Control through Agroforestry in Practice.- References.- Section V.  Environmental protection and ecosystem services of agroforestry.- 19. Carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation.- 19.1. Climate Change and Global Warming: An Overview.- 19.2. Carbon Sequestration.- 19.3. Field Measurements of Carbon Sequestration under Agroforestry Systems.- 19.4. Agroforestry as a strategy for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation.- References.- 20. Other ecosystem services of agroforestry systems.- 20.1. Agroforestry as "biodiversity cool spots".- 20.2. Role of agroforestry in in addressing the threats to agrobiodiversity.- 20.3. Agroforestry and water-quality.- 20.3. Agroforestry and ecosystem resilience.- 20. 4. Agroforestry and Other Provisioning, Regulating, and Cultural services.- References.- Section VI. Evaluation of agroforestry systems.- 21.1. Productivity Evaluation.- 21.2. Sustainability Evaluation.- 21.3. Adoptability Evaluation.- 21.4. Social, Cultural, and Economic Valuation.- References.- 22. Agroforestry and land management in the future.- 22.1. Costs and Benefits.- 22.2. Needed: A Strong Policy Framework for Agroforestry at Various Levels.- 22.3. Future Scenarios.- Glossary.- SI Units and Conversion Factors.- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations.- Subject Index.

Scholar); Utah State Univ, USA (USAID Sponsorship); and several universities in Indonesia. He has published extensively on agroforestry and has received the first Dr. KG Tejwani Award for Excellence in Agroforestry Research & Development in India. Kumar is an Elected Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India; National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India; National Institute of Ecology, India; and the Kerala Academy of Sciences.



Vimala D. Nair, Research Professor with the Soil and Water Sciences Department, is a long-term faculty collaborator in the Agroforestry Program at the University of Florida. After her PhD in soil biogeochemistry from the University of Göttingen, Germany, she conducted research and taught at the University of Nairobi, Kenya, for several years before joining the University of Florida in the late 1980s. Her contributions to the development and application of the phosphorus saturation ratio for Florida soils have earned her international recognition. Her special areas of contributions to agroforestry research include the role of agroforestry in soil carbon sequestration, water quality and environmental protection, and the use of biochar in soil management. She has traveled widely and conducted training courses and collaborative research in several countries. Vimala Nair is a courtesy faculty member at the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, a Fellow of the Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) as well as the American Society of Agronomy, and the recipient of the SSSA 2021 Soil Science Research Award that recognizes outstanding research contributions in soil science.