Antennas for Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Preface ix
 
1 Fundamentals of GNSS 1
 
1.1 History of GNSS 1
 
1.2 Basic Principles of GNSS 2
 
1.2.1 Time-Based Radio Navigation 2
 
1.2.2 A 3D Time-Based Navigation System 5
 
1.3 Operation of GPS 8
 
1.4 Applications Including Differential GPS 15
 
References 18
 
2 Fundamental Considerations for GNSS Antennas 21
 
2.1 GNSS Radio Wave Propagation 21
 
2.1.1 Plane Waves and Polarisation 21
 
2.1.2 GNSS Radio Wave Propagation and Effects 23
 
2.1.3 Why CP Waves in GNSS? 26
 
2.2 Antenna Design Fundamentals 26
 
2.2.1 Antenna Fundamental Parameters 26
 
2.2.2 LP Antenna Design and Example 29
 
2.3 CP Antenna Design 31
 
2.3.1 CP Antenna Fundamentals and Types 31
 
2.3.2 Simple CP Antenna Design Example 35
 
2.3.3 Technical Challenges in Designing GNSS Antennas 36
 
References 40
 
3 Satellite GNSS Antennas 41
 
3.1 Navigation Antenna Requirements 41
 
3.2 Types of Antenna Deployed 41
 
3.3 Special Considerations for Spacecraft Antenna Design 50
 
3.3.1 Passive Intermodulation Effects 50
 
3.3.2 Multipactor Effects 52
 
References 52
 
4 Terminal GNSS Antennas 55
 
4.1 Microstrip Antenna for Terminal GNSS Application 55
 
4.1.1 Single-Feed Microstrip GNSS Antennas 55
 
4.1.2 Dual-Feed Microstrip GNSS Antennas 60
 
4.1.3 Design with Ceramic Substrate 64
 
4.2 Spiral and Helix GNSS Antennas 66
 
4.2.1 Helix Antennas 66
 
4.2.2 Spiral Antennas 71
 
4.3 Design of a PIFA for a GNSS Terminal Antenna 73
 
References 79
 
5 Multimode and Advanced Terminal Antennas 81
 
5.1 Multiband Terminal Antennas 81
 
5.1.1 Multiband Microstrip GNSS Antennas 82
 
5.1.2 Multiband Helix Antennas for GNSS 88
 
5.2 Wideband CP Terminal Antennas 95
 
5.2.1 Wideband Microstrip Antenna Array