Bioenergetics

1. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics applied to energy conversion in biological systems.- - Introduction.- - Elements of nonequilibrium thermodynamics.- - Steady states.- - Mechanisms of coupling between processes.- - Phenomenological description of processes and systems.- - Control and regulation of processes.- 2. Global bioenergetics.- - Introduction.- - Thermodynamic principles.- - Thermodynamic efficiencies and global bioenergetics.- - The current steady state: Global cycles of matter associated with global bioenergetics.- - Approach to the current steady state: Evolution of free-enthalpy transducing biosystems.- 3. Vectorial bioenergetics.- - Bioenergetics in a homogeneous compartment.- - Cellular compartmentation and bioenergetics.- - Proton bioenergetics.- - Transport phenomena.- - Sodium bioenergetics.- 4. Energetics of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.- - Introduction.- - Principles of biological energy transformations.- - Energy-generating processes.- - Energy-requiring processes.- 5. Chloroplasts.- - Introduction.- - Light-driven electron transport and proton translocation.- - Carbon metabolism.- - Other metabolic pathways.- - Transport across the envelope.- - Photoregulation of chloroplast function.- 6. The mammalian mitochondrial respiratory chain.- - Introduction.- - Principles of electron transfer-linked proton translocation.- - NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I).- - Succinate: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II).- - Ubihydroquinone: cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex III).- - The diffusible redox carriers ubiquinone and cytochrome c.- - Energy balance of electron transfer reactions.- - Carrier proteins involved in energy transduction.- - Interaction of electron transfer chain,ATP synthase, adenine nucleotide carrier, and phosphate carrier, resulting in the coupling of oxidative phosphorylation.- 7. Photosystem II and water oxidation in cyanobacteria, algae and higher plants.- - Introduction.- - Overall organisation of water cleavage in