Carbon Dioxide as Chemical Feedstock

FROM CARBON DIOXIDE: POLYCARBONATES, POLYTHIOCARBONATES, AND POLYURETHANES Introduction Historical Perspective Metal Catalysts for the Copolymerization of Epoxides and CO2 Metal Catalysts for the Copolymerization of Oxetanes and CO2 Physical Methods for the Characterization of Copolymers Produced from Epoxides or Oxetane and Carbion Dioxide Copolymer Isolation and Catalyst Recycling Copolymerization of Carbon Disulfide and Epoxide and Episulfide Copolymers from Aziridines and Carbon Dioxide Concluding Remarks IN-SITU OF CARBON DEPOSITION DURING CO2 REFORMING OF METHANE FOR SYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTION, USING THE TAPERED ELEMENT OSCILLATIN MICROBALANCE Introduction Thermodynamic Analysis of Carbon Formation from CH4 or CO Thermodynamic Analysis of Carbon Formation in CO2 Reforming of Methane TEOM Analysis of Carbon Formation in CO2 Reforming TEM Analysis on Carbon Formed on Catalysts After CO2 Reforming of Methane Kinetic Study of Carbon Formation on Pch4 and Pco in CO2 Reforming H2O Effect on Carbon Formation in CO2 Reforming Conclusions UTILIZATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE THROUGH NONTHERMAL PLASMA APPROACHES Introduction Nonthermal Plasma Phenomena CO and/or H2 Production from CO2 Hydrocarbons Synthesis from CO2 Oxygenates Synthesis from CO2 Combination of Plasma with Catalyst Summary PHOTOCHEMICAL, ELECTROCHEMICAL, AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE Introduction Homogeneous Photochemical Reduction Electrochemical Reduction Semiconductor Systems for Reduction Concluding Remarks and Future Directions RECENT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTROCHEMICAL CARBOXYLATION BASED ON CARBON DIOXIDE Introduction Electrocarboxylation The Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide in Protic Media (Water and Alcohols) INDIRECT UTILIZATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE: UTILIZATION OFTERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC BIOMASS Introduction The Natural Carbon Cycle The Utilization of Terrestrial Biomass The First-Generation Biofuels The New Generations of Biofuels Implementation of the Biorefinery Concept Concluding Remarks FIXATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE INTO INORGANIC CARBONATES: THE NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL "WEATHERING OF SILICATES" Introduction: Inorganic Carbonate Uses and Natural Resources Natural Fixation of CO2 in Carbonates Process Routes to Valuable Carbonate Products Mineral Carbonation for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Other Carbonate Production Processes and Applications