Cell Polarity and Subcellular RNA Localization

Directions.- References.- Transcription Factors in Dendrites: Dendritic Imprinting of the Cellular Nucleus.- 1 Introduction.- 2 CREB mRNA Is Localized to Neuronal Dendrites.- 3 CREB Protein Is Present in Dendrites.- 4 CREB Protein Moves from the Dendrite to the Cell Nucleus.- 5 Potential Importance of Dendritic CREB in Modulating.- Neuronal Functioning.- 6 Biological Impetus tor Dendritic Imprinting.- References.- RNA Trafficking in Oligodendrocytes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 A2RE Is a cis-Acting RNA Trafficking Determinant.- 3 hnRNP A2 Is a trans-Acting RNA Trafficking Factor.- 4 A2RE/hnRNP A2-Mediated Nuclear Export.- 5 A2RE/hnRNP A2-Mediated Granule Assembly.- 6 A Dual Motor Mechanism for RNA Trafficking on Microtubules.- 7 RNA Trafficking in the Virtual Cell.- 8 The Taxol Paradox.- 9 Negotiating Branch Points.- 10 Translation Regulation.- 11 Summary.- References.- Extrasomatic Targeting of MAP2, Vasopressin and Oxytocin mRNA in Mammalian Neurons.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Microtubule-Associated Protein 2.- 2.1 Dendritic Localization of MAP2 mRNAs.- 2.2 Distribution and Function of MAP2 in Neurons.- 2.3 Characterization of a cis-Acting Dendritic Targeting Element in the MAP2 3' UTR.- 3 Axonal and Dendritic Targeting of VP and OT mRNAs.- 3.1 Axonal mRNA Compartmentalization.- 3.2 Dendritic mRNA Compartmentalization.- 3.3 Molecular Determinants of Subcellular mRNA Targeting.- 4 Final Conclusions and Perspectives.- References.- RNA Transport and Local Protein Synthesis in the Dendritic Compartment.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Differential Subcellular RNA Localization in Neurons.- 2.1 Dendritic RNAs.- 2.2 Synaptic mRNAs.- 2.2.1 Neurotransmitter Receptor mRNAs.- 2.2.2 Non-Neurotransmitter Receptor Synaptic mRNAs.- 2.3 Axonal and Presynaptic mRNAs.- 3 RNA Transport.- 3.1 trans-Acting Factors.- 3.1.1 Translational Factors and Transport Granules.- 3.1.2 Granule Motors.- 3.1.3 mRNA-Specific trans-Acting Factors.- 3.2 cis-Acting Sequences.- 4 Synapse and Local Protein Synthesis Machinery.- 4.1 Ultrastructural Data Suggesting Subsynaptic Protein Synthesis.- 4.2 Immunocytochemical Characterization of the Dendritic Translational Machinery.- 4.3 Biochemical Studies of Translation and Glycosylation Within Dendrites.- 5 Activity-Dependent mRNA Transport and Protein Synthesis.- 5.1 Glutamate Receptor Activation and Calcium Entry.- 5.2 Ca2+-CaMKII Activation and Phosphorylation Pathways.- 5.3 The Neurotrophin Signaling Pathway.- 6 Conclusions and Perspectives.- References.- Neuronal BC1 RNA: Intracellular Transport and Activity-Dependent Modulation.- 1 Evolutionary Relationships.- 2 Intracellular Transport.- 3 Activity-Dependent Regulation.- 4 Outlook.- References.- Nucleocytoplasmic mRNA Transport.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Export Machinery.- 2.1 Nuclear Pores.- 2.2 Import and Export Receptors.- 2.3 The Role of Ran in the Establishment of Compartment Identity.- 3 Cellular mRNA Export.- 3.1 The Cap Structure.- 3.2 The Poly(A) Tail.- 3.3 hnRNP Proteins.- 3.4 SR Proteins.- 3.5 Visualization of mRNA Export.- 3.6 The Role of Splicing in mRNA Export.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Early Localization Pathway.- 2.1 RNAs That Undergo Localization Along the Early Pathway.- 2.2 cis-Acting Elements.- 2.3 trans-Acting Factors and Cytoskeletal Elements.- 3 The Late Pathway.- 3.1 RNAs That Undergo Localization Along the Late Pathway.- 3.2 cis-Acting Elements.- 3.3 trans-Acting Factors.- 3.4 Cytoskeletal Elements.- 4 The Animal Localization Pathway.- 5 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Local Protein Synthesis in Invertebrate Axons: From Dogma to Dilemma.- 1 Introduction.- 2 mRNA in Axons.- 3 Translocation of mRNA.- 4 Origin of RNA.- 5 Protein Synthesis in Axons.- 6 The Identity of Protein Synthetic Machinery in Axons.- 7 Which Proteins Are Synthesized in Axons?.- 8 Functions of Local Protein Synthesis.- 9 Discussion.- References.- Nucleocytoplasmic RNA Transport in Retroviral Replication.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Retroviral Replication.- 3 RNA Export in Simple versus Complex Retroviruses.- 4 Regulation of HIV-1 Gene Expression: An Overview.- 4.1 How Is Nuclear Retention of Rev-Dependent RNAs Determined?.- 4.2 The HIV-1 Rev-RRE System.- 4.3 CRM1 Is the Cellular Export Receptor for Rev.- 4.4 Other Cellular Factors That Interact with the Rev Protein.- 4.5 Rev/RRE-Like Systems in Other Complex Retroviruses.- 5 CTE: The Constitutive RNA Transport Elements of D-Type Retroviruses.- 5.1 hTAP: A Potential Cellular Export Receptor for CTE.- 5.2 RNA Export in Other Retroviruses and Pararetroviruses.- 6 Summary and Conclusions.- References.