Chromosomes

I. Introduction.- II Nomenclature and General Morphology of Chromosomes.- III. Chromosome Morphology during Mitotic Phases.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Mitotic Phases.- 3. Changes of Chromosome Morphology during Mitosis.- 4. Differential Contractions of Chromosomes.- IV. The Human Karyotype.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Simple Staining Methods.- 3. Special Staining Methods.- 4. Individual Variations.- V. Structural Differences along the Chromosomes (Chromosome Banding).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Repetitive DNA.- 3. Cytological Localization of Repetitive DNA.- 4. Differences in Base Composition of DNA.- 5. Differences in the Protein Components.- 6. Packing Differences.- 7. The Binding of Giemsa to Chromosomal Components.- 8. Conclusions on the Mechanisms Involved in Banding.- 9. DNA-Replication Pattern.- 10. Chromomeres and G-Bands.- 11. Genetic Mapping in Human Chromosomes.- VI. Fine Structure of Chromosomes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of the Fibrils.- 3. Arrangement of Fibrils.- 4. Single Stranded or Multistranded Chromatids?.- 5. Major Coils.- 6. Giemsa Bands, Interband Zones and Secondary Constrictions.- 7. Bridges Between Chromatids and Chromosomes.- 8. Centromeric Region.- 9. Attachment of Chromosome Fibrils to the Nuclear Membrane.- 10. Summary of the Findings on the Fine Structure of Chromosomes.- VII Chromosome Structure in Interphase Nuclei.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of Interphase Nuclei of Living Cells.- 3. Structure of Interphase Nuclei after Fixation.- 4. Chromocenters.- 5. Electron Microscopy of Chromosomes in Interphase.- 6. Premature Condensed Chromosomes.- 7. Special Chromosome Regions in Interphase.- 8. The X-chromatin.- VIII Heterochromatin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Remarks and Nomenclature.- 3. Constitutive Heterochromatin.- 4. Facultative Heterochromatin.- 5. Function of Heterochromatin.- IX. The Position of Chromosomes within the Cell.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Peripheral Position.- 3. Association of Nucleolar Organizer Chromosomes.- 4.