Clinical Orthoptics

Preface xi
 
Acknowledgements xii
 
List of Figures xiii
 
List of Tables xvii
 
SECTION I 1
 
1 Extraocular Muscle Anatomy and Innervation 3
 
Muscle pulleys 3
 
Ocular muscles 5
 
Innervation 10
 
Associated cranial nerves 12
 
References 15
 
Further reading 16
 
2 Binocular Single Vision 17
 
Worth's classification 17
 
Development 17
 
Retinal correspondence 19
 
Physiology of stereopsis 20
 
Fusion 23
 
Retinal rivalry 24
 
Suppression 24
 
Diplopia 25
 
References 27
 
Further reading 28
 
3 Ocular Motility 29
 
Saccadic system 29
 
Smooth pursuit system 31
 
Vergence system 33
 
Vestibular-ocular response and optokinetic response 35
 
Brainstem control 37
 
Muscle sequelae 39
 
Past-pointing 40
 
Bell's phenomenon 41
 
References 41
 
Further reading 43
 
4 Orthoptic Investigative Procedures 45
 
Visual acuity 45
 
Cover test 60
 
Ocular motility 64
 
Accommodation and convergence 68
 
Retinal correspondence 73
 
Fusion 77
 
Stereopsis 82
 
Suppression 89
 
Synoptophore 91
 
Aniseikonia 97
 
Fixation 98
 
Measurement of deviations 99
 
Hess charts 105
 
Field of binocular single vision 108
 
Uniocular field of vision 110
 
Measurement of torsion 111
 
Parks-Helveston three-step test 113
 
Diplopia charts 113
 
Bielchowsky phenomenon (dark wedge test) 115
 
Forced duction test 115
 
Forced generation test 115
 
Orthoptic exercises 115
 
References 119
 
Further reading 124
 
SECTION II 129
 
5 Heterophoria 131
 
Classification 131
 
Aetiology 131
 
Causes of decompensation 132
 
Esophoria 132
 
Exophoria

Fiona J. Rowe is Lecturer in Orthoptics at the University of Liverpool and an Honorary Research Vision Scientist at the Department of Orthoptics and Ophthalmology, Warrington Hospital. Dr Rowe also lectures extensively to trainee and qualified ophthalmologists, ophthalmic nurses, and other members of the multi-disciplinary eye care team.