Electrical Energy Efficiency
Technologies and Applications
(Sprache: Englisch)
The improvement of electrical energy efficiency is fast becoming one of the most essential areas of sustainability development, backed by political initiatives to control and reduce energy demand.
Now a major topic in industry and the electrical...
Now a major topic in industry and the electrical...
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Klappentext zu „Electrical Energy Efficiency “
The improvement of electrical energy efficiency is fast becoming one of the most essential areas of sustainability development, backed by political initiatives to control and reduce energy demand.Now a major topic in industry and the electrical engineering research community, engineers have started to focus on analysis, diagnosis and possible solutions. Owing to the complexity and cross-disciplinary nature of electrical energy efficiency issues, the optimal solution is often multi-faceted with a critical solutions evaluation component to ensure cost effectiveness.
This single-source reference brings a practical focus to the subject of electrical energy efficiency, providing detailed theory and practical applications to enable engineers to find solutions for electroefficiency problems. It presents power supplier as well as electricity user perspectives and promotes routine implementation of good engineering practice.
Key features include:
* a comprehensive overview of the different technologies involved in electroefficiency, outlining monitoring and control concepts and practical design techniques used in industrial applications;
* description of the current standards of electrical motors, with illustrative case studies showing how to achieve better design;
* up-to-date information on standarization, technologies, economic realities and energy efficiency indicators (the main types and international results);
* coverage on the quality and efficiency of distribution systems (the impact on distribution systems and loads, and the calculation of power losses in distribution lines and in power transformers).
With invaluable practical advice, this book is suited to practicing electrical engineers, design engineers, installation designers, M&E designers, and economic engineers. It equips maintenance and energy managers, planners, and infrastructure managers with the necessary knowledge to properly evaluate the wealth of electrical
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energy efficiency solutions for large investments. This reference also provides interesting reading material for energy researchers, policy makers, consultants, postgraduate engineering students and final year undergraduate engineering students.
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Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Electrical Energy Efficiency “
List of Contributors xiPreface xiii
Foreword xv
1 Overview of Standardization of Energy Efficiency 1
Franco Bua and Angelo Baggini
1.1 Standardization 3
1.1.1 ISO 4
1.1.2 IEC 5
1.1.3 CEN and CENELEC 6
Further Readings 8
2 Cables and Lines 9
Paola Pezzini and Andreas Sumper
2.1 Theory of Heat Transfer 10
2.1.1 Conduction 10
2.1.2 Convection 10
2.1.3 Radiation 11
2.2 Current Rating of Cables Installed in Free Air 12
2.3 Economic Aspects 15
2.4 Calculation of the Current Rating: Total Costs 16
2.4.1 Evaluation of CJ 16
2.5 Determination of Economic Conductor Sizes 18
2.5.1 Economic Current Range for Each Conductor in a Series of Sizes 18
2.5.2 Economic Conductor Size for a Given Load 18
2.6 Summary 19
References 19
3 Power Transformers 21
Roman Targosz, Stefan Fassbinder and Angelo Baggini
3.1 Losses in Transformers 23
3.1.1 No-Load Losses 23
3.1.2 Load Losses 24
3.1.3 Auxiliary Losses 24
3.1.4 Extra Losses due to Harmonics, Unbalance and Reactive Power 25
3.2 Efficiency and Load Factor 30
3.3 Losses and Cooling System 31
3.4 Energy Efficiency Standards and Regulations 32
3.4.1 MEPS 37
3.4.2 Mandatory Labelling 37
3.4.3 Voluntary Programmes 37
3.5 Life Cycle Costing 39
3.5.1 Life Cycle Cost of Transformers 40
3.5.2 Detailed Considerations 44
3.6 Design, Material and Manufacturing 47
3.6.1 Core 47
3.6.2 Windings 52
3.6.3 Other Developments 54
3.7 Case Study - Evaluation TOC of an Industrial Transformer 54
3.7.1 Method 55
3.7.2 Results 56
References 59
Further Readings 59
3.A Annex 60
3.A.1 Selected MEPS 60
4 Building Automation,
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Control and Management Systems 71
Angelo Baggini and Annalisa Marra
4.1 Automation Functions for Energy Savings 72
4.1.1 Temperature Control 72
4.1.2 Lighting 74
4.1.3 Drives and Motors 74
4.1.4 Technical Alarms and Management 75
4.1.5 Remote Control 76
4.2 Automation Systems 76
4.2.1 KNX Systems 77
4.2.2 Scada Systems 82
4.3 Automation Device Own Consumption 86
4.4 Basic Schemes 86
4.4.1 Heating and Cooling 86
4.4.2 Ventilation and Air Conditioning 95
4.4.3 Lighting 107
4.4.4 Sunscreens 109
4.4.5 Technical Building Management 110
4.4.6 Technical Installations in the Building 111
4.5 The Estimate of Building Energy Performance 113
4.5.1 European Standard EN 15232 113
4.5.2 Comparison of Methods: Detailed Calculations and BAC Factors 115
Further Readings 124
5 Power Quality Phenomena and Indicators 125
Andrei Cziker, Zbigniew Hanzelka and Ireana Wasiak
5.1 RMS Voltage Level 126
5.1.1 Sources 127
5.1.2 Effects on Energy Efficiency 128
5.1.3 Mitigation Methods 130
5.2 Voltage Fluctuations 132
5.2.1 Disturbance Description 132
5.2.2 Sources of Voltage Fluctuations 134
5.2.3 Effects and Cost 135
5.2.4 Mitigation Methods 138
5.3 Voltage and Current Unbalance 138
5.3.1 Disturbance Description 139
5.3.2 Sources 140
5.3.3 Effect and Cost 140
5.3.4 Mitigation Methods 143
5.4 Voltage and Current Distortio
Angelo Baggini and Annalisa Marra
4.1 Automation Functions for Energy Savings 72
4.1.1 Temperature Control 72
4.1.2 Lighting 74
4.1.3 Drives and Motors 74
4.1.4 Technical Alarms and Management 75
4.1.5 Remote Control 76
4.2 Automation Systems 76
4.2.1 KNX Systems 77
4.2.2 Scada Systems 82
4.3 Automation Device Own Consumption 86
4.4 Basic Schemes 86
4.4.1 Heating and Cooling 86
4.4.2 Ventilation and Air Conditioning 95
4.4.3 Lighting 107
4.4.4 Sunscreens 109
4.4.5 Technical Building Management 110
4.4.6 Technical Installations in the Building 111
4.5 The Estimate of Building Energy Performance 113
4.5.1 European Standard EN 15232 113
4.5.2 Comparison of Methods: Detailed Calculations and BAC Factors 115
Further Readings 124
5 Power Quality Phenomena and Indicators 125
Andrei Cziker, Zbigniew Hanzelka and Ireana Wasiak
5.1 RMS Voltage Level 126
5.1.1 Sources 127
5.1.2 Effects on Energy Efficiency 128
5.1.3 Mitigation Methods 130
5.2 Voltage Fluctuations 132
5.2.1 Disturbance Description 132
5.2.2 Sources of Voltage Fluctuations 134
5.2.3 Effects and Cost 135
5.2.4 Mitigation Methods 138
5.3 Voltage and Current Unbalance 138
5.3.1 Disturbance Description 139
5.3.2 Sources 140
5.3.3 Effect and Cost 140
5.3.4 Mitigation Methods 143
5.4 Voltage and Current Distortio
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Bibliographische Angaben
- Autoren: Andreas Sumper , Angelo Baggini
- 2012, 1. Auflage, 434 Seiten, Maße: 17,4 x 25,5 cm, Gebunden, Englisch
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- ISBN-10: 0470975512
- ISBN-13: 9780470975510
Sprache:
Englisch
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