Electrical Processes in Atmospheres

Considerations on Practical Application of Atmospheric Electricity Concepts and Methods.- Film on Electric Fields Under Thunderstorms.- Session 3 Principles and Problems of Instrumentation, Methods of Calibration, Data Handling.- Review of Instrumentation for Atmospheric Electricity.- A Technique for Continuous Recording of the Total Rate of Ion Formation in the Atmosphere.- Electric Charge Current Due to Drifting Snow.- Variation of Omega at Two Land Stations.- Atmospheric Electrical Mechanical Transfer Currents to Plate Antennas.- The Measurement of Atmospheric Electric Fields Using a Newly Developed Balloon Borne Sensor.- Effects of Velocity and Other Physical Variables on the Currents and Potentials Generated by Radioactive Collectors in Electric Field Measurements.- Investigation of the Temporal Structure of the Electric Field Intensity Near the Earth's Surface in Application to the Task of Determination of Mean Values.- Direct Determination of the Individual Concentrations of Radon Daughter Products in the Atmosphere by the Means of Delayed Coincidence Technique.- General Discussion.- Session 4 Cloud Physics, Non-Convective Clouds and Precipitation.- Some Electrical Effects in Clouds.- Study of Warm Cloud Electricity.- Electrification Measurements from a Dropsonde and their Interpretation.- On the Convective Electrification of Warm Stratified Clouds.- The Influence of Electric Forces Upon Droplet Collection Efficiencies.- Electrification by Collisions of Ice Particles on Ice or Metal Targets.- Melting Electrification of Single Ice Particles in Simulated Free Fall.- The Interactions of Freely-Falling Ice Crystals.- Electric Fields in the Vicinity of Clouds.- Charging Mechanism of Snowflakes and Soft Hail.- Airborne Measurements of Electric Charging of Marine Fog.- General Discussion.- Session 5 Thunderstorms and Showers.- An Assessment of Thunderstorm Electrification Mechanisms.- Radio Emission of Convective Clouds in Various Stages of Development.- Electrical Conditions Near the Bases of Thunderclouds in the Southwestern United States.- Electrical Structure of Large Overwater Shower Clouds.- Precipitation Electricity of Thunderclouds and Showerclouds.- The Velocities of Charged Hydrometeors and the Production of High Fields in Thunderstorms.- Electrochemical Charge Separation in Clouds.- The Electric Discharges in Nimbostratus.- Point Discharge Characteristics and Charge Configuration in Thunderclouds.- Modeling of Thunderstorm Electrification.- Modeling of an Induction Process of an Electric Field Growth in Thunderstorm Clouds.- An Electrodynamic Instability in Thunderstorms.- Effect of Convection in the Electrification of Clouds.- The Problem of Cloud Electricity.- The Theory of Electrokinetic Phenomena Accompanying the Crystallization of Supercooled Aerosols of Aqueous Solutions.- On the Freezing Electrification of Freely Falling Water Droplets.- About One of the Mechanisms of Electrization of Thunderstorm Clouds.- General Discussion.- Session 6 Global Circuit and Ten-Year Program.- Theoretical Problems of the Global Atmospheric Electric Circuit.- Diurnal Variation and Absolute Intensity of world-wide Lightning Activity, September 1970 to May 1971.- Airborne Atmospheric Electrical Measurements of the Variation of Ionospheric Potential and Electrical Structure in the Exchange Layer Over the Ocean.- Annual Variations of the Ionospheric Potential, the Air-Earth Current Density and the Columnar Resistance Measured by Radiosondes.- Air-Earth Current Density Over the Atlantic Ocean.- The Global Circuit and Its Parameters.- On the Regional Effect in the Global Atmospheric Electric Field.- Secular Trends in Thunderstorm Frequencies.- Quantitative Characteristics of Thunderstorm Activity.- Effect of Convection Within the Austausch Layer on the Electrical Potential Gradient in the Atmosphere.- On the Turbulent Convective Component of the Fair-Weather Current Density.- Lightning Occurrence in a Subtropical Area.- General Discussion.- Session 7 Atmosphere-Space Coupling, Solar-Terrestrial Effects, Atmospheric Electricity on Other Celestial Bodies.- Global, Quasi-Static Electric Fields in the Earth's Environment.- Vertical Propagation of Time-Dependent Electric Fields in the Atmosphere and Ionosphere.- The Effects of Magnetospheric Convection on Atmospheric Electric Fields in the Polar Cap.- Thundercloud Electric Fields in the Ionosphere.- Three-Dimensional Electric Fields and Currents in the Stratosphere.- Review of Planetary Electrical Models - Analogies to Earth.- Review of Electrification Processes in Planetary Atmospheres.- Global Electric Fields Measured in the Stratosphere.- A Study of Possible Correlation Between Fair-Weather Electric Field and Auroral Activity.- Stratospheric Electricity and the Global Circuit.- General Discussion.- Session 8a Physics of Lightning and Sferics Part I.- Remark by the Editors.- Calculation of the Electric and Magnetic Fields Produced by Close Lightning.- Lightning Ground Stroke Charge Location from Multistation Electrostatic Field Change Measurements.- On Lightning Discharges in Winter Thunderstorm.- The Triggering of Lightning by Corona from Ice Hydrometeors or Colliding Raindrops.- Radar Study of Precipitation Development in Thunderclouds.- Advances in a Decade of Thunder Research.- Spectroscopic and Electric Current Measurements of Lightning at the Monte San Salvatore Observatory, Lugano, Switzerland.- Stepped Leader Initiation Via Positive Streamer System Intensification.- The Onset of Long Electrical Discharges in Clean Air.- Anomalous Behavior of H Lines in Lightning Spectra.- Some Statistical Features of Discharging Processes in Thunderclouds.- General Discussion.- Session 8b Physics of Lightning and Sferics Part II.- The Propagation of Atmospherics.- The Fine-Structure of Electric Field Changes Produced by Lightnings.- Results of the Global VLF-Atmospherics Analyser Network.- VHF Radio Pictures of Lightning.- Measurements of the Electric and Magnetic Fields Produced by Close Lightning.- Global Monitoring of Atmospherics.- Development of Observations of Atmospherics.- General Discussion.- Session 9 Late Additions.- Krypton 85, a Global Contaminant.- Water Clathrates Formed in Supercooled Fog by Seeding with Pulverized Liquid Propane.- Lightning Incidence in Britain and the Solar Cycle.- The Measurement of Lightning and Thunderstorm Parameters Including the Application of Lightning Flash Counters.- Some Geomagnetic and Atmospheric-Electric Field Variations Observed at ?wider and Belsk Observatories.- Long-term Changes in Magnetic and Atmospheric-Electric Fields on the Basis of the Recordings of the "St. Kalinowski Geophysical Observatory" at ?wider, Poland.- Secular Decrease in Ionospheric Potential.- Electric Charge Transmission by Lightning Flashes to Earth.- Neutrons from Lightning?.- Lightning Detection from Satellites.- Lightning Elimination.- Session 10 Atmospheric Electricity Activities of the Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research.- Atmospheric Electricity Activities of the Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research.- Concluding Remarks.- Concluding Remarks.- Banquet-Address.- The Role of Atmospheric Electricity in the Atmospheric Sciences.- Report on the Fifth Conference.- Report on the Fifth Conference.- Author Index.- Index of Chemicals in Symbols.- Index of Localities and Areas.- Index of Institutes. Agencies. Organizations.