Fundamentals and Applications of Anion Separations

7.2.1. Tank Wastes.- 7.2.2. The Environment.- 7.3. Approaches to Mitigating Doe Anion Problems.- 7.3.1. Removing Problematic Anions from Tank Wastes.- 7.3.2. Removing Problematic Anions from Groundwater.- 7.4. Conclusions.- 7.5. Acknowledgments.- 7.6. References.- Ditopic Salt-Binding Receptors for Potential use in Anion Separation Processes.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Ditopic Salt-Binding Receptors.- 8.3. Liquid Extraction or Membrane Transport using Ditopic Salt Receptors.- 8.4. Summary.- 8.5. Acknowledgments.- 8.6. References.- Dual-Host Combinations: using Tripodal Amides to Enhance Cesium Nitrate Extraction by Crown Ethers.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Design Considerations for Dual-Host Systems for Cesium Nitrate Extraction.- 9.2.1. Cesium Hosts.- 9.2.2. Nitrate Hosts.- 9.3. Thermochemical Model for Dual-Host Extraction: Binding Constants and Extraction Enhancements.- 9.4. Dual-Host Extraction: Amide Anion Hosts Derived from 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic (Trimesic) Acid.- 9.5. Nitrate Binding and Dual-Host Extraction using Amide-Type Anion Hosts Derived from Tris-(2-Aminoethyl) Amine (Tren).- 9.6. 1,3,5-Tris(Aminomethyl) Benzene Derivatives.- 9.7. Conclusions.- 9.8. Acknowledgments.- 9.9. References and Notes.- Binding and Extraction of Pertechnetate and Perrhenateby Azacages.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Results and Discussion.- 10.2.1. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Experiments.- 10.2.2. Structural Considerations.- 10.3. Conclusions.- 10.4. Experimental Section.- 10.4.1. Synthesis.- 10.4.2. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Procedure.- 10.4.3. X-ray Crystallography.- 10.5. Acknowledgments.- 10.6. REferences.- Polymer-Supported Reagents for Anionic Recognition.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Soluble Complexants.- 11.3. Polymer-Boundcomplexants.- 11.4. Summary.- 11.5. Acknowledgment.- 11.6. References.- Fundamental Developments in Understanding the Interactions Between Metal Cyanides and Functional Polymers.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Principles of Goldrecovery Using resin Technology.- 12.2.1. Cyanidation.- 12.2.2. The Resin-In-Pulp (RIP) Process.- 12.2.3. Chemistry.- 12.3. Speciation of Metal Cyanides in Aqueous Media.- 12.4. Characterization of Sorbed Metal Cyanides on Resins.- 12.5. The Effect of Salinity on the Capacity And Selectivity of Resins for Gold Cyanide.- 12.6. The Elution of Metal Cyanides From Ion-Exchange Resins.- 12.7. Conclusions.- 12.8. References.- Preparation of High Purity Metals by Anion Exchange.- 13.I. Introduction.- 13.2. Experimental Procedures.- 13.2.1. Equilibrium Tests.- 13.2.2. Separation Experiments.- 13.3. Results and Discussion.- 13.3.1. Anion Exchange Equilibrium.- 13.3.2. Anion Exchange Separation Examples.- 13.4. Conclusions.- 13.5. References.- Influence of the Speciation of Metal Ions on Their Sorption on Chitosan.- 14.1. Introduction.- 14.2. Material and Methods.- 14.2.1. Materials.- 14.2.2. Chitosan Modification.- 14.2.3. Methods.- 14.2.4. Distribution of Metal Ion Species.- 14.3. Sorption of Molybdate.- 14.3.1. Effect of pH.- 14.3.2. Molybdenum Species.- 14.4. Sorption of Vanadate.- 14.4.1. Sorption Isotherms.- 14.4.2. Vanadium Species.- 14.5. Sorption of Platinum Group Metal Anions.- 14.5.1. Sorption Isotherms in HCI and H2SO4 Media.- 14.5.2. Effect of Chitosan Modification.- 14.6. Sorption of Copper- and Silver-Chelated Anions.- 14.7. Conclusions.- 14.8. Acknowledgments.- 14.9. REferences.- Selective Uptake and Separation of Oxoanions of Molybdenum, Vanadium, Tungsten, and Germanium by Synthetic Sorbents Having Polyol Moieties and Polysaccharide Based Biosorbents.- 15.1. Introduction.- 15.2. Mechanism of Selective Sorption of Oxoanions.- 15.3. Required Characteristics of A Solid Sorbent Containing Diol Ligands.- 15.4. Sorbents.- 15.4.1. Synthetic Sorbents.- 15.4.2. Polysaccharide-Based Biopolymer Sorbents.- 15.5. Experimental Methods.- 15.6. Uptake of Oxoanions by Polyol Sorbents.- 15.6.1. Uptake on Sorbent with l-deoxy-rnethyl-amino-glucitol Moiety Immobilized in StyrenefDVB Matrix.- 15.6.2. Uptake on Sorbent with Diethanolamine (DEA) Moiety Immobilized in StyrenefDVB Matrix.- 15.6.3. Uptake on Crosslinked Chitosan (poly-D-glucosamine) Beads.- 15.6.4. Uptake on Crosslinked Bead Cellulose (without Functionalization).- 15.6.5. Uptake on Brown Algea Seaweed (Ascophyllum Nodosum).- 15.7. Desorption of Oxoanions.- 15.8. Mutual Separation of Oxoanions.- 15.9. References.- Adsorptive Separation of Toxic Anions from Water Using Phosphorylated Orange Juice Residue.- 16.I. Introduction.- 16.2. Experimental.- 16.2.1. Materials.- 16.2.2. Methods.- 16.3. Results and Discussion.- 16.3.1. Batch Experiment.- 16.4. Conclusions.- 16.5. Acknowledgment.- 16.6. References.- Design and Synthesis of Powdered Magnetic Activated Carbons for Aurodicyanide Anion Adsorption from Alkaline Cyanide Leaching Solutions.- 17.1. Introduction.- 17.2. Technological Limitations.- 17.3. Activated Carbon.- 17.4. Magnetic Activated Carbon (MAC).- 17.5. Experimental Procedures.- 17.5.1. Synthesis of MACs.- 17.5.2. Characterization.- 17.6. Discussion.- 17.7. Conclusions.- 17.8. References.- Evaluation and Molecular Design of Inorganic Anion Sieves.- 18.1. Introduction.- 18.2. Evaluation of Anion Uptake.- 18.2.1. Inorganic Solids and Modes of Anion Uptake.- 18.2.2. Method of Anion Uptake Evaluation.- 18.3. Controlling Anion Selectivity of Inorganic Solids.- 18.3.1. Crystal Structure and Ion Selectivity.- 18.3.2. Design of Se032. Sieves.- 18.4. Conclusions.- 18.5. List of Symbols and Definitions.- 18.6. Acknowledgment.- 18.7. References.- Silver Incorporation at the Interlayer Gallery Region of a Layered Double Hydroxide Intercalated with Thiosulfate Anion.- 19.1. Introduction.- 19.2. Procedures.- 19.3. Results and Discussion.- 19.3.1. NMR Analysis.- 19.3.2. Thermal Analysis.- 19.3.3. FTIR Spectroscopy.- 19.3.4. Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD).- 19.3.5. Regularity of Interlayer Ag?+ Thiosulfate Complex.- 19.4. Applications.- 19.5. Conclusions.- 19.6. Acknowledgment.- 19.7. References.- Carbonate Precipitation on Sand (?-Quartz).- 20.1. Introduction.- 20.1.1. Industrial Significance of Precipitation.- 20.1.2. Separation of Anions via Precipitation/Crystallization.- 20.1.3. Carbonate Precipitation.- 20.2. Experimental Procedures.- 20.2.1. Sample Collection and Analysis.- 20.2.2. Calculation of Supersaturation of Water Samples with Respect to Calcite.- 20.2.3. Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate from Groundwaters.- 20.2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometric (EDS) Analyses.- 20.2.5. X-ray Diffraction Analysis.- 20.2.6. X-ray Fluorescence Analysis.- 20.3. Characterization of Carbonate Scale.- 20.4. Carbonate (Calcite) Precipitation.- 20.5. Epitaxial Growth of Calcite on Sand (?-Quartz).- 20.6. Applications.- 20.7. Inhibition of Calcite Growth on Sand Filter.- 20.8. Summary.- 20.9. Acknowledgment.- 20.10. References.