Handbook of Bioplastics and Biocomposites Engineering Applications

Packaging 60 3.6.2 Agricultural Applications 60 3.6.3 Biomedical Applications 63 3.7 Bioplastic Waste Management Strategies 65 3.7.1 Recycling of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) 65 3.7.1.1 Mechanical Recycling of PLA 65 3.7.1.2 Chemical Recycling of PLA 65 3.7.2 Recycling of Poly Hydroxy Alkanoates (PHAs) 67 3.7.3 Landfill 68 3.7.4 Incineration 68 3.7.5 Composting 68 3.7.6 Anaerobic Digestion 68 3.7.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion of Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) 69 3.7.6.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Poly(Lactic Acid) 69 3.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 70 References 71 4 Modeling of Natural Fiber-Based Biocomposites 81 Fatima-Zahra Semlali Aouragh Hassani, Mounir El Achaby, Abou el Kacem Qaiss and Rachid Bouhfid 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Generality of Biocomposites 82 4.2.1 Natural Matrix 83 4.2.2 Natural Reinforcement 84 4.2.3 Natural Fiber Classification 84 4.2.4 Biocomposites Processing 85 4.2.4.1 Extrusion and Injection 85 4.2.4.2 Compression Molding 86 4.2.5 RTM-Resin Transfer Molding 86 4.2.6 Hand Lay-Up Technique 86 4.3 Parameters Affecting the Biocomposites Properties 87 4.3.1 Fiber's Aspect Ratio 87 4.3.2 Fiber/Matrix Interfacial Adhesion 88 4.3.3 Fibers Orientation and Dispersion 89 4.3.3.1 Short Fibers Orientation 89 4.3.3.2 Fiber's Orientation in Simple Shear Flow 90 4.3.3.3 Fiber's Orientation in Elongational Flow 90 4.4 Process Molding of Biocomposites 92 4.4.1 Unidirectional Fibers 93 4.4.1.1 Classical Laminate Theory 93 4.4.1.2 Rule of Mixture 93 4.4.1.3 Halpin-Tsai Model 95 4.4.1.4 Hui-Shia Model 95 4.4.2 Random Fibers 96 4.4.2.1 Hirsch Model 96 4.4.2.2 Self-Consistent Approach (Modified Hirsch Model) 97 4.4.2.3 Tsai-Pagano Model 97 4.5 Conclusion 97 References 98 5 Process Modeling in Biocomposites 103 Joy Hoskeri H., Nivedita Pujari S. and Arun K. Shettar 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Biopolymer Composites 104 5.2.1 Natural Fiber-Based Biopolymer Composites 104 5.2.2 Applications of Biopolymer Composites 105 5.2.3 Properties of Biopolymer Composites 107 5.3 Classification of Biocomposites 108 5.3.1 PLA Biocomposites 109 5.3.2 Nanobiocomposites 109 5.3.3 Hybrid Biocomposites 109 5.3.4 Natural Fiber-Based Composites 109 5.4 Process Modeling of Biocomposite Models 110 5.4.1 Compression Moulding 110 5.4.2 Injection Moulding 111 5.4.3 Extrusion Method 112 5.5 Formulation of Models 112 5.5.1 Types of Model 113 5.6 Conclusion 113 References 115 6 Microbial Technology in Bioplastic Production and Engineering 121 Dileep Francis and Deepu Joy Parayil 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Fundamental Principles of Microbial Bioplastic Production 123 6.3 Bioplastics Obtained Directly from Microorganisms 125 6.3.1 Pha 125 6.3.2 Poly (gamma-Glutamic Acid) (PGA) 129 6.4 Bioplastics from Microbial Monomers 130 6.4.1 Bioplastics from Aliphatic Monomers 130 6.4.1.1 Pla 130 6.4.1.2 Poly (Butylene Succinate) 133 6.4.1.3 Biopolyamides (Nylons) 134 6.4.1.4 1, 3-Propanediol (PDO) 137 6.4.2 Bioplastics from Aromatic Monomers 137 6.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioplastic Production 138 6.6 Conclusion 140 References 140 7 Synthesis of Green Bioplastics 149 J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão and I. Cansado 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Bioplastic 150 7.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 150 7.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 151 7.2.3 Cellulose 152 7.2.4 Starch 153 7.3 Renewable Raw Material to Produce Bioplastic 153 7.3.1 Raw Material from Agriculture 153 7.3.2 Organic Waste as Resources for Bioplastic Production 153 7.3.3 Algae as Resources for Bioplastic Production 153 7.3.4 Wastewater as Resources for Bioplastic Production 154 7.4 Bioplastics Applications 155 7.4.1 Food Industry 155 7.4.2 Agricultural Applications 156 7.4.3 Medical Applications 156 7.4.4 Other Applications 156 7.5 Conclusions 156 References 157 8 Natural Oil-Based Sustainable Materials for a Green Strategy 161 Figen Balo, Berrak Aksakal , Lutfu S. Sua and Zeliha Mahmat 8.1 Introduction 161 8.2 Methodology 164 8.2.1 Entropy Methodology 165 8.2.2 Copras Methodology 167 8.3 Conclusions 171 References 172 Part II: Applications of Bioplastics in Health and Hygiene 175 9 Biomedical Applications of Bioplastics 177 Syed Tareq, Jaison Jeevanandam, Caleb Acquah and Michael K. Danquah 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Synthesis of Bioplastics 180 9.2.1 Starch-Based Bioplastics 181 9.2.2 Cellulose-Based Bioplastics 181 9.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan 181 9.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 181 9.2.5 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 182 9.2.6 Bioplastics from Microalgae 182 9.3 Properties of Bioplastics 183 9.3.1 Material Strength 183 9.3.2 Electrical, Mechanical, and Optical Behavior of Bioplastic 184 9.4 Biological Properties of Bioplastics 184 9.5 Biomedical Applications of Bioplastics 185 9.5.1 Antimicrobial Property 185 9.5.2 Biocontrol Agents 187 9.5.3 Pharmaceutical Applications of Bioplastics 187 9.5.4 Implantation 188 9.5.5 Tissue Engineering Applications 189 9.5.6 Memory Enhancer 189 9.6 Limitations 190 9.7 Conclusion 191 References 191 10 Applications of Bioplastics in Hygiene Cosmetic 199 Anuradha and Jagvir Singh 10.1 Introduction 199 10.2 The Need to Find an Alternative to Plastic 200 10.3 Bioplastics 201 10.3.1 Characteristic of Bioplastics 201 10.3.2 Types (Classification) 202 10.3.3 Uses of Bioplastics 202 10.4 Resources of Bioplastic 202 10.4.1 Polysaccharides 202 10.4.2 Starch or Amylum 202 10.4.3 Cellulose 203 10.4.3.1 Source of Cellulose 204 10.5 Use of Biodegradable Materials in Packaging 204 10.6 Bionanocomposite 204 10.7 Hygiene Cosmetic Packaging 206 10.8 Conclusion 206 References 207 11 Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery 211 Ariane Regina Souza Rossin, Fabiana Cardoso Lima, Camila Cassia Cordeiro, Erica Fernanda Poruczinski, Josiane Caetano and Douglas Cardoso Dragunski 11.1 Introduction 211 11.2 Biodegradable Polymer (BP) 212 11.2.1 Natural 212 11.2.1.1 Polysaccharides 213 11.2.1.2 Proteins 214 11.2.2 Synthetic 214 11.2.2.1 Polyesters 215 11.2.2.2 Polyanhydrides 215 11.2.2.3 Polycarbonates 216 11.2.2.4 Polyphosphazenes 216 11.2.2.5 Polyurethanes 216 11.3 Device Types 217 11.3.1 Three-Dimensional Printing Devices 217 11.3.1.1 Implants 217 11.3.1.2 Tablets 217 11.3.1.3 Microneedles 218 11.3.1.4 Nanofibers 218 11.3.2 Nanocarriers 218 11.3.2.1 Nanoparticles 218 11.3.2.2 Dendrimers 219 11.3.2.3 Hydrogels 219 11.4 Applications 219 11.4.1 Intravenous 219 11.4.2 Transdermal 220 11.4.3 Oral 221 11.4.4 Ocular 221 11.5 Existing Materials in the Market 221 11.6 Conclusions and Future Projections 222 References 223 12 Microorganism-Derived Bioplastics for Clinical Applications 229 Namrata Sangwan, Arushi Chauhan, Jitender Singh and Pramod K. Avti 12.1 Introduction 229 12.2 Types of Bioplastics 231 12.2.1 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) 231 12.2.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate 232 12.2.3 Poly-Lactic Acid 233 12.2.4 Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) 234 12.2.5 Poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) 235 12.3 Properties of Bioplastics 235 12.3.1 Physiochemical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Bioplastics 236 12.3.1.1 Polylactic Acid 236 12.3.1.2 Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid 236 12.3.1.3 Polycaprolactone 237 12.3.1.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 237 12.3.1.5 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 238 12.4 Applications 238 12.4.1 Tissue Engineering 238 12.4.2 Drug Delivery System 240 12.4.3 Implants and Prostheses 242 12.5 Conclusion 244 References 245 13 Biomedical Applications of Biocomposites Derived From Cellulose 251 Subhajit Kundu, Debarati Mitra and Mahuya Das 13.1 Introduction 251 13.2 Importance of Cellulose in the Field of Biocomposite 252 13.3 Classification of Cellulose 252 13.4 Synthesis of Cellulose in Different Form 253 13.4.1 Mechanical Extraction 253 13.4.2 Electrochemical Method 254 13.4.3 Chemical Extraction 254 13.4.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 254 13.4.5 Bacterial Production of Cellulose 256 13.5 Formation of Biocomposite Using Different Form of Cellulose 256 13.6 Biocomposites Derived from Cellulose and Their Application 258 13.6.1 Tissue Engineering 259 13.6.2 Wound Dressing 260 13.6.3 Drug Delivery 262 13.6.4 Dental Applications 263 13.6.5 Other Applications 264 13.7 Conclusion 265 References 266 14 Biobased Materials for Biomedical Engineering 275 Ioana Duceac, Fulga Tanas, Mrioara Nechifor and Carmen-Alice Teac 14.1 Introduction 275 14.2 Biomaterials 277 14.3 Biobased Materials for Implants and Tissue Engineering 279 14.3.1 Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Dressings 280 14.3.2 Bone Tissue Engineering 282 14.3.3 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 284 14.3.4 Ligament and Tendon Implants and Tissue Engineering 285 14.3.5 Cardiovascular Implants and Tissue Engineering 285 14.3.5.1 Valve Implants 285 14.3.5.2 Artificial Heart/Cardiac Patches 286 14.3.5.3 Vascular Grafts and TE 286 14.3.6 Liver Tissue Engineering and Bioreactors 287 14.3.7 Kidney Tissue Engineering and Dialysis Devices 288 14.3.8 Nervous Tissue Engineering and Implants 288 14.4 Auxiliary Materials 289 14.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 291 References 292 15 Applications of Bioplastics in Sports and Leisure 299 Radhika Malkar, Sneha Kagale, Sakshi Chavan, Manishkumar Tiwari and Pravin Patil 15.1 Introduction 299 15.1.1 Plastic Pollution Due to Leisure and Sports Industries 300 15.1.2 Bioplastics: Overview and Classification 301 15.1.2.1 Biobased Nonbiodegradable 302 15.1.2.2 Biobased, Biodegradable 303 15.1.2.3 Fossil-Based, Biodegradable 304 15.2 Bioplastic in Leisure 305 15.2.1 Camping 305 15.2.2 Eyewear 305 15.2.3 Toys 306 15.2.4 Electronic Equipment and Other 307 15.3 Bioplastic in Sports 307 15.3.1 Shoes and Sneakers 307 15.3.2 Ski Boots 308 15.3.3 Snow Goggles 309 15.3.4 Surfboards and Surfskates 309 15.3.5 Sportscar 309 15.3.6 Football, Baseball, Basketball, Soccer Ball, and Volleyball 310 15.3.7 Hockey 311 15.4 Conclusion 312 References 312 16 Biocomposites in Active and Intelligent Food Packaging Applications 317 Ru Wei Teoh, Yin Yin Thoo and Adeline Su Yien Ting 16.1 Introduction 317 16.2 Advances in Biocomposite Application in Active and Intelligent Food Packaging 319 16.2.1 Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties in Active Food Packaging 319 16.2.2 Gaseous Scavenging Activity in Active Food Packaging 320 16.2.3 Freshness and Food Quality Detection in Intelligent Food Packaging 321 16.3 Biocomposites Incorporated with Natural Compounds 322 16.3.1 Plant Extracts 323 16.3.2 Essential Oils 327 16.3.3 Enzymes and Bacteriocins 333 16.3.4 Challenges in Food Packaging Applications of Biocomposites Integrated With Natural Compounds 333 16.4 Biocomposites Incorporated with Inorganic Materials 337 16.4.1 Metal Compounds 337 16.4.2 Clay and Silicate-Based Mineral Compounds 340 16.4.3 Challenges in Food Packaging Applications of Biocomposites Integrated with Inorganic Materials 344 16.5 Biocomposites Incorporated with Natural Food Colorants and Pigments 344 16.5.1 Intelligent Food Packaging with Natural Food Colorants and Pigments 347 16.5.2 Potential of Natural Food Colorants and Pigments as Active and Intelligent Food Packaging 347 16.5.3 Challenges in Food Packaging Applications of Biocomposites Integrated with Natural Food Colorants and Pigments 348 16.6 Conclusion 348 References 349 17 Biofoams for Packaging Applications 361 Vinod V.T. Padil 17.1 Introduction 361 17.2 Biofoams from Botanical and Plant Sources 362 17.3 Starch and Their Blends 363 17.4 Cellulose-Based Biofoams for Packaging Application 365 17.5 Packaging Foams from Animal-Based Polysaccharides 365 17.6 Seaweed-Based Biofoams 366 17.7 Polylactic Acid 367 17.8 Tree Gum-Based Foams 368 17.9 Karaya Gum-Based Foams 369 17.10 Kondagogu Gum-Based Foams 370 17.11 Microbial Gum-Based Packaging Foams 371 17.12 Conclusion and Outlooks 375 References 375 18 Biobased and Biodegradable Packaging Plastics for Food Preservation 383 Carolina Caicedo, Alma Berenice Jasso-Salcedo, Lluvia de Abril Alexandra Soriano-Melgar, Claudio Alonso Díaz-Cruz, Enrique Javier Jiménez-Regalado and Rocio Yaneli Aguirre-Loredo 18.1 Introduction 383 18.2 Sources for Obtaining Polymers 384 18.2.1 Polymers Extracted from Natural Sources 384 18.2.2 Biopolymers Synthesized by Microorganisms 391 18.2.3 Biopolymers Obtained by Chemical Synthesis 394 18.3 Additives in Packaging Materials 395 18.3.1 Natural Origin 395 18.3.2 Synthetic Origin 398 18.4 Active Packaging 398 18.4.1 Antioxidants in Biobased Active Packaging 399 18.4.2 Active Packaging Biobased with Antimicrobial Agents 401 18.5 Smart Packaging 405 18.5.1 Indicators 405 18.5.2 Biosensors 405 18.6 Functional Properties of Biobased Packaging and Their Effect on Food Preservation 406 18.6.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties 406 18.6.2 Susceptibility to Moisture 407 18.6.3 Gas Barrier 408 18.7 Current State of the Biobased Packaging Market 410 18.8 Prospects for Food Packaging and the Use of Biobased Materials 412 References 412 19 Bioplastics-Based Nanocomposites for Packaging Applications 425 Xiaoying Zhao and Yael Vodovotz 19.1 Introduction 425 19.2 Bioplastic-Based Nanocomposites 428 19.2.1 PLA Bionanocomposites 428 19.2.2 PHA Bionanocomposites 430 19.2.3 Starch Bionanocomposites 432 19.2.4 PBS Bionanocomposites 434 19.3 Packaging Applications 436 19.4 Safety Issue and Regulations 437 19.5 Conclusions 438 References 439 20 Applications of Bioplastics in Disposable Products 445 Mahrukh Aslam, Habibullah Nadeem, Farrukh Azeem, Muhammad Zubair, Ijaz Rasul, Saima Muzammil, Muhammad Afzal and Muhammad Hussnain Siddique 20.1 Introduction 445 20.2 Plastics vs Bioplastics 446 20.2.1 Minimum Utilization of Energy 447 20.2.2 Reduction of Carbon Footprint 447 20.2.3 Environment Friendly 447 20.2.4 Littering Minimization 447 20.2.5 Not Usage of Crude Oil 447 20.3 Types of Bioplastics 447 20.3.1 Starch-Based 447 20.3.2 Cellulose-Based 448 20.3.3 Protein-Based 448 20.3.4 Bioderived Polyethylene 448 20.3.5 Aliphatic Polyesters 449 20.4 Applications of Bioplast 449 20.4.1 Medical Applications 449 20.4.2 Wound Dressing Application 449 20.4.3 Drug Delivery Application 450 20.4.4 Agricultural Applications 450 20.4.5 3D Printing 450 20.4.6 Applications in Packaging Industry 451 20.4.7 Bioremediation Applications 452 20.4.8 Biofuel Applications 452 20.5 Conclusion 453 References 453 21 Bioplastic-Based Nanocomposites for Smart Materials 457 Marya Raji, Abdellah Halloub, Abou el Kacem Qaiss and Rachid Bouhfid 21.1 Introduction 457 21.2 Biopolymer 458 21.2.1 Natural Polymers 458 21.2.2 Synthetic Polymers 460 21.3 Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites 461 21.4 Bioplastics-Based Nanocomposites for Smart Materials 463 21.5 Physical Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymer 464 21.6 Chemical Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymers 464 21.7 Biological Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymers 465 21.8 Conclusion 466 References 467 Part III: Industrial Application, Sustainability and Recycling of Bioplastics 471 22 Applications of Biobased Composites in Optical Devices 473 Reshmy R., Vaisakh P.H., Eapen Philip, Parameswaran Binod, Aravind Madavan, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Ashok Pandey and Raveendran Sindhu 22.1 Introduction 473 22.2 Characteristics and Advantages of Biobased Composites in Optical Devices 475 22.3 Polysaccharide-Based Biocomposite 477 22.3.1 Cellulose 478 22.3.2 Chitin 480 22.3.3 Alginate 481 22.4 Protein-Based Biocomposite 481 22.4.1 Silk 482 22.4.2 Collagen 483 22.4.3 Gelatin 483 22.5 Polynucleotides and Carbonized-Based Biocomposite 484 22.5.1 DNA Origami 484 22.5.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 486 22.6 Future Trends and Perspective 487 22.7 Conclusion 487 References 488 23 Biocomposites and Bioplastics in Electrochemical Applications 491 Sema Aslan and Derya Bal Altuntas 23.1 Introduction 491 23.2 Electrochemistry 492 23.2.1 General Aspects 492 23.3 Nanomaterials in Biocomposite Applications 492 23.4 Electrochemical Applications 493 23.4.1 Biosensors 493 23.4.2 Sensors 501 23.4.3 Corrosion 502 23.4.4 Energy Applications 503 23.5 Conclusion 506 References 507 24 Biofibers and Their Composites for Industrial Applications 513 Meshude Akbulut Söylemez, Kemal Özer and Demet Ozer 24.1 Introduction 513 24.2 Types of Biofibers 514 24.2.1 Seed Fibers 516 24.2.2 Leaf Fibers 518 24.2.3 Bast Fibers 519 24.2.4 Stalk Fibers 521 24.3 Chemical and Physical Modification of Biofibers as Reinforcing Materials for Biocomposites 521 24.3.1 Chemical Treatment Processes 522 24.3.1.1 Alkalization 522 24.3.1.2 Silanization 523 24.3.1.3 Acetylation 525 24.3.1.4 Benzoylation 527 24.3.2 Physical Treatment Processes 527 24.3.2.1 Plasma Treatment 527 24.3.2.2 Ultrasound Treatment 528 24.3.2.3 Ultraviolet Treatment 529 24.4 Biofiber Composites for Industrial Applications 529 24.5 Challenges and Perspectives for Future Research 532 24.6 Conclusion 533 References 534 25 Bioplastics and Biocomposites in Flame-Retardant Applications 539 L. Magunga, M. Mohapi, A. Kaleni, S. Magagula, M.J. Mochane and M.T. Motloung 25.1 Introduction 539 25.2 A Brief Introduction to Bioplastics and Biocomposites 541 25.3 Flame Retardants Used in Polymer Materials 545 25.4 Action Mechanisms of Flame Retardants 554 25.4.1 Char-Formation 556 25.4.2 Inet Gas 556 25.4.3 Contact of Chemicals 557 25.4.4 Restriction of Vapor Phase Burning 557 25.5 Compatibility of Flame Retardants With Polymer Matrices 557 25.6 Preparation of Flame-Retardant Biocomposites and Bioplastics 559 25.7 Applications of Flame-Retardant Bioplastics and Biocomposites 561 25.8 Conclusions 566 Acknowledgements 567 References 567 26 Biobased Thermosets for Engineering Applications 575 Bhargavi Koneru, Jhilmil Swapnalin, Hanumanthrayappa Manjunatha and Prasun Banerjee 26.1 Introduction 575 26.2 Sustainable Covalently Bonded Polyamides are Produced by Polycondensing a Naturally Present Functionalized Carboxyl Group (Citric Acid) with 1, 8-Octane Diol 576 26.3 Biodegradable Crosslinked Polyesters by Polycondensation of a Naturally Occurring Citric Acid and Glycerol 577 26.4 Sugar-Based Lactones to Produce Degradable Dimethacrylates 578 26.5 Water Facilitated, Naturally Produced Difunctional or Trifunctional Carboxyl Groups and Epoxidized Sucrose Soyate Are Made (With Sugars and Soybean Oil Lipids) 580 26.5.1 Learning More About the Significance of Water in the Curing Process 580 26.6 Isosorbide Was Employed as a Bridge in an Adhesive System After Being Introduced Into a Carbonyl Group 581 26.7 Thermoplastic Polymers Based on a Spiro Diacetyl Trigger Generated From Lignin 583 26.8 Properties of Epoxy Resin Thermosets With Acetal Addition 583 26.8.1 Mechanical Properties 583 26.8.2 Thermal Properties 583 26.9 Conclusions 584 Acknowledgements 584 References 584 27 Public Attitude Toward Recycling Routes of Bioplastics--Knowledge on Sustainable Purchase 589 Farhan Shaikh and Sunny Kumar 27.1 Introduction 589 27.2 Production of Plastics 590 27.3 Application of Bioplastics 591 27.4 Recycle Route of Bioplastics 592 27.5 Public Contribution of Recycling 592 27.6 Awareness of Sustainable Purchase 596 27.7 Conclusion 598 References 599 28 Applications of Bioplastic in Composting Bags and Planting Pots 605 Sonica Sondhi 28.1 Introduction 605 28.2 Biodegradable Pots (Biopots) 607 28.2.1 Plantable Pots 608 28.2.2 Composting Bags 608 28.3 Biodegradable Planting Pots 609 28.3.1 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Pressed Fibers 609 28.3.2 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Bioplastics 610 28.3.3 Biopots Based on Industry and Agriculture 611 28.4 Growth and Quality of Plants in Biopots 613 28.5 Future Trends and Challenges 614 28.6 Conclusion 614 References 615 29 Bioplastics, Biocomposites and Biobased Polymers--Applications and Innovative Approaches for Sustainability 619 V. P. Sharma, Anurag Singh, Neha Srivastava, Prachi Srivastava and Inamuddin 29.1 Introduction 620 29.2 Characteristics of Biobased Polymers 621 29.3 Biobased Polymers and Bioplastics Sustainability 621 29.4 Biodegradation and Standardization of Bioplastics and Biobased Polymers 622 29.4.1 Standard EN 13432 622 29.4.2 Standards for Oxodegradation 622 29.4.3 Australasian Bioplastics Association 623 29.4.4 Australian Packaging Covenant Organization 623 29.5 Application of Bioplastics, Biocomposites, and Biobased Polymers 623 29.5.1 Application in Medicine 623 29.5.2 Application in Packaging 624 29.5.3 Application in Agriculture 624 29.5.4 Other Applications 625 29.6 Conclusion 625 References 626 30 Recycling of Bioplastics: Mechanism and Economic Benefits 629 Nadia Akram, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Usman, Tanveer Hussain Bokhari, Akbar Ali and Zunaira Shafiq 30.1 Overview of Popular Bioplastics 629 30.1.1 Starch-Based Bioplastics 630 30.1.2 Cellulose-Based Bioplastic 631 30.1.3 Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Based Bioplastics 631 30.1.4 Polyhydroxy Alkanoate-Based Bioplastics (PHA) 631 30.1.5 Organic Polyethylene 632 30.1.6 Protein-Based Bioplastics 632 30.1.7 Drop-In Bioplastics 632 30.1.8 Fossil Fuel-Based Bioplastics 632 30.2 Recycling of Bioplastics 633 30.2.1 Background of Bioplastics Recycling 633 30.2.2 Options of Recycling 634 30.2.3 Generation of Energy From Recycling Process 634 30.3 Types of Recycling 636 30.3.1 Mechanical Recycling 636 30.3.1.1 Method of Mechanical Recycling 636 30.3.1.2 Mechanical Recycling Mechanism 636 30.3.1.3 Mechanical Recycling in Landscape 637 30.3.1.4 Sorting 637 30.3.2 Chemical Recycling 638 30.3.2.1 Solvent Purification 638 30.3.2.2 Chemical Depolymerization 638 30.3.2.3 Thermal Depolymerization 639 30.3.2.4 Benefits of Chemical Recycling 639 30.3.3 Textile Fibers Recycling Through MR or CR 639 30.3.4 Recycled Polyester From Plastic Bottles 639 30.3.5 Significance of Recycling 640 30.3.5.1 Significance of MR 640 30.3.5.2 Significance of CR 641 30.4 Economic Aspects of Bioplastic Recycling Industry 641 30.4.1 New Market and Economic Benefits 642 30.4.2 Disadvantages of Biodegradable Plastics for Economy 643 30.4.2.1 Usage of Specific Disposal Procedure 643 30.4.2.2 Metallic Contamination 643 30.4.2.3 Environmental Cooperation for Disposal 644 30.4.2.4 High Capital Cost 644 30.4.2.5 Usage of Cropland to Produce Items 644 30.4.2.6 Marine Pollution Problems 644 30.4.2.7 Guarantee of Net Savings 644 30.5 Conclusion 645 References 645 Index 649