Lumbar Disc Herniation

block.- Bone scanning.- Echography.- Thermography.- Lumbosacral ascending flebography.- References.- 10. Electrophysiologic investigation.- Electromyography.- Conduction velocity studies.- Diagnostic ability.- Indications.- References.- 11. Differential diagnosis. I. Organic disease.- Premise.- Vertebral conditions.- Extravertebral diseases.- References.- 12. Differential diagnosis. II. Psychogenic pai.- Psychologic disorders related to low back pain.- Psychosocial factors.- Psychometric tests.- Psychiatric evaluation.- Nomogenic disorders.- References.- 13. Diagnostic algorith.- Role of clinical evaluation.- Limitations of diagnostic tests.- Usefulness of diagnostic algorithm.- Diagnostic algorithms for lumbar disc herniation.- Computerized algorithms.- References.- 14. Conservative treatment.- Natural history of lumbar disc herniation.- Modalities of conservative treatment.- Results of conservative treatments.- Treatment regimens.- References.- 15. Percutaneous treatment.- Chemonucleolysis.- Percutaneous automated nucleotomy (PAN).- Manual percutaneous discectomy and laser discectomy.- References.- 16. Surgical treatments F. Postacchini, G. Cinott.- Indications and contraindications.- Preparation for surgery.- Identification of pathologic level.- Definition of terms.- Conventional discectomy.- Microdiscectomy.- Anterior discectomy.- References.- 17. Postoperative functional recover.- Surgical treatment.- Percutaneous procedures.- Chronic postoperative pain.- Work disability.- References.- 18. Complications of surger.- Morbidity and mortality.- Cardiovascular complications.- Superficial infections.- Spondylodiscitis.- Dural tears.- Nerve-root injuries.- Injuries to abdominal structures.- Complications due to patient's wrong positioning.- Retention of foreign bodies.- Intraoperative hemorrhage.- Urinary retention.- Gastroenteric disturbances.- Miscellanea.- References.- 19. Results of surger.- Evaluation of the results.- Definition of terms.- Immediate postoperative period.- Immediate results.- Results in the longer run.- Predictive factors of the outcome.- Conclusions.- References.- 20. Spinal fusion and disc prosthesis at primary surger.- Spinal fusion.- Disc prosthesis.- References.- 21. Disc herniation associated to other condition.- Lumbar stenosis.- Degenerative spondylolisthesis.- Spondylolysis.- Isthmic spondylolisthesis.- Lumbar scoliosis.- Cervical and thoracic disc herniations.- Intradural tumors.- Extradural meningeal cysts.- Periarticular cysts.- Chondral and osteochondral avulsion of vertebral end-plate.- References.- 22. Surgical failure.- Definition and classification.- Persistent radiculopathy.- Recurrent radicular pain after a pain-free interval.- Postoperative low back pain.- Results of reoperation after failed back surgery.- References.- 23. Recurrent and new herniation.- Terminology.- Incidence.- Recurrent herniation.- Contralateral herniation at the operated level.- Herniation at a new level.- References.- 24. Professional liability in treatmen.- Principles of legal medicine.- Diagnostic evaluation.- Conservative treatment.- Surgical treatment.- Professional liability of the consultant physician.- References.