Macromolecules · 1
Volume 1: Structure and Properties
(Sprache: Englisch)
The second edition of this textbook is identical with its fourth German edi tion and it thus has the same goals: precise definition of basic phenomena, a broad survey of the whole field, integrated representation of chemistry, physics, and technology, and a...
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The second edition of this textbook is identical with its fourth German edi tion and it thus has the same goals: precise definition of basic phenomena, a broad survey of the whole field, integrated representation of chemistry, physics, and technology, and a balanced treatment of facts and comprehen sion. The book thus intends to bridge the gap between the often oversimpli fied introductory textbooks and the highly specialized texts and monographs that cover only parts of macromolecular science. The text intends to survey the whole field of macromolecular science. Its organization results from the following considerations. The chemical structure of macromolecular compounds should be inde pendent of the method of synthesis, at least in the ideal case. Part I is thus concerned with the chemical and physical structure of polymers. Properties depend on structure. Solution properties are thus discussed in Part 11, solid state properties in Part Ill. There are other reasons for dis cussing properties before synthesis: For example, it is difficult to understand equilibrium polymerization without knowledge of solution thermodynamics, the gel effect without knowledge of the glass transition temperature, etc. Part IV treats the principles of macromolecular syntheses and reactions.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Macromolecules · 1 “
I. Structure.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1. Basic Concepts.- 1.2. Historical Development.- Literature.- 2. Constitution.- 2.1. Nomenclature.- 2.1.1. Inorganic Macromolecules.- 2.1.2. Organic Macromolecules.- 2.2. Atomic Structure and Polymer Chain Bonds.- 2.2.1. Overview.- 2.2.2. Isochains.- 2.2.3. Heterochains.- 2.3. Homopolymers.- 2.3.1. Monomeric Unit Bonding.- 2.3.2. Substituents.- 2.3.3. End Groups.- 2.4. Copolymers.- 2.4.1. Definitions.- 2.4.2. Constitutional Composition.- 2.4.3. Constitutional Heterogeneity.- 2.4.4. Sequences.- 2.4.5. Sequence Lengths.- 2.5. Molecular Architecture.- 2.5.1. Branching.- 2.5.2. Graft Polymers and Copolymers.- 2.5.3. Irregular Networks.- 2.5.4. Ordered Networks.- Literature.- 3. Configuration.- 3.1. Overview.- 3.1.1. Symmetry.- 3.1.2. Stereoisomerism.- 3.1.3. DL and RS Systems.- 3.1.4. Stereo Formulas.- 3.2. Ideal Tacticity.- 3.2.1. Definitions.- 3.2.2. Monotacticity.- 3.2.3. Ditacticity.- 3.3. Real Tacticity.- 3.3.1. J-ads.- 3.3.2. Experimental Methods.- 3.3.2.1. X-Ray Crystallopaphy.- 3.3.2.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.- 3.3.2.3. Infrared Spectroscopy.- 3.3.2.4. Other Methods.- Literature.- 4. Conformation.- 4.1. Basic Principles.- 4.1.1. Conformation about Single Bonds.- 4.1.2. Conformational Analysis.- 4.1.3. Constitutional Effects.- 4.2. Conformation in the Crystal.- 4.2.1. Inter- and Intracatenary Forces.- 4.2.2. Helix Types.- 4.2.3. Constitutional Effects.- 4.3. Conformation in the Melt and in Solution.- 4.3.1. Low-Molar Mass Compounds.- 4.3.2. Macromolecular Compounds.- 4.4. The Shape of Macromolecules.- 4.4.1. Overview.- 4.4.2. Compact Molecules.- 4.4.3. Coiled Molecules.- 4.4.4. Excluded Volume of Compact Molecules.- 4.4.5. Excluded Volume of Coiled Molecules.- 4.5. Coiled Molecule Statistics.- 4.5.1. Unperturbed Coils.- 4.5.2. Steric Hindrance Parameter and Characteristic Ratio.- 4.5.3. Statistical Chain Element.- 4.5.4. Chains with Persistence.- 4.5.5. Dimensions.- 4.6. Optical Activity.- 4.6.1. Overview.-
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4.6.2. Basic Principles.- 4.6.3. Structural Effects.- 4.6.4. Poly(?-amino Acids).- 4.6.5. Proteins.- 4.6.6. Poly(?-olefins).- 4.7. Conformational Transitions.- 4.7.1. Phenomena.- 4.7.2. Thermodynamics.- 4.7.3. Kinetics.- A4. Appendix to Chapter 4.- A4.1. Calculation of the Chain End-to-End Distance.- A4.2. Relationship between the Radius of Gyration and the Chain End-to-End Distance for the Segment Model.- A4.3. Calculation of the Chain End-to-End Distance for Valence Angle Chains.- A4.4. Distribution of Chain End-to-End Distances.- Literature.- 5. Supermolecular Structures.- 5.1. Overview.- 5.1.1. Phenomena.- 5.1.2. Crystallinity.- 5.2. Crystallinity Determination.- 5.2.1. X-Ray Crystallography.- 5.2.2. Density Measurements.- 5.2.3. Calorimetry.- 5.2.4. Infrared Spectroscopy.- 5.2.5. Indirect Methods.- 5.3. Crystal Structure.- 5.3.1. Molecular Crystals and Superlattices.- 5.3.2. Elementary and Unit Cells.- 5.3.3. Polymorphism.- 5.3.4. Isomorphism.- 5.3.5. Lattice Defects.- 5.4. Morphology of Crystalline Polymers.- 5.4.1. Fringed Micelles.- 5.4.2. Polymer Single Crystals.- 5.4.3. Spherulites.- 5.4.4. Dendrites and Epitaxial Growth.- 5.5. Mesomorphous Structures.- 5.6. Amorphous State.- 5.6.1. Free Volume.- 5.6.2. Morphology of Homopolymers.- 5.6.3. Morphology of Block Polymers.- 5.7. Orientation.- 5.7.1. Definition.- 5.7.2. X-Ray Diffraction.- 5.7.3. Optical Birefringence.- 5.7.4. Infrared Dichroism.- 5.7.5. Polarized Fluorescence.- 5.7.6. Sound Propagation.- Literature.- II. Solution Properties.- 6. Solution Thermodynamics.- 6.1. Basic Principles.- 6.2. Solubility Parameter.- 6.2. 1 Basic Principles.- 6.2.2. Experimental Determination.- 6.2.3. Applications.- 6.3. Statistical Thermodynamics.- 6.3.1. Entropy of Mixing.- 6.3.2. Enthalpy of Mixing.- 6.3.3. Gibbs Energy of Mixing for Nonelectrolytes.- 6.3.4. Gibbs Energy of Mixing for Polyelectrolytes.- 6.3.5. Chemical Potential of Concentrated Solutions.- 6.3.6. Chemical Potential of Dilute Solutions.- 6.4. Virial Coefficients.- 6.4.1. Definitions.- 6.4.2. Excluded Volume.- 6.5. Association.- 6.5.1. Basic Principles.- 6.5.2. Open Association.- 6.5.3. Closed Association.- 6.5.4. Bonding Forces.- 6.6. Phase Separation.- 6.6.1. Basic Principles.- 6.6.2. Upper and Lower Critical Solution Temperatures.- 6.6.3. Quasibinary Systems.- 6.6.4. Fractionation.- 6.6.5. Determination of Theta States.- 6.6.6. Phase Separation with Solutions of Rods.- 6.6.7. Incompatibility.- 6.6.8. Swelling.- 6.6.9. Crystalline Polymers.- Literature.- 7. Transport Phenomena.- 7.1. Effective Quantities.- 7.2. Diffusion in Dilute Solution.- 7.2.1. Basic Principles.- 7.2.2. Experimental Methods.- 7.2.3. Molecular Quantities.- 7.3. Rotational Diffusion and Streaming Birefringence.- 7.4. Electrophoresis.- 7.5. Viscosity.- 7.5.1. Concepts.- 7.5.2. Methods.- 7.5.3. Viscosities of Melts and Highly Concentrated Solutions.- 7.6. Permeation through Solids.- 7.6.1. Basic Principles.- 7.6.2. Constitutional Influences.- Literature.- 8. Molar Masses and Molar Mass Distributions.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Statistical Weights.- 8.3. Molar Mass Distributions.- 8.3.1. Representation of the Distribution Functions.- 8.3.2. Types of Distribution Functions.- 8.3.2.1. Gaussian Distribution.- 8.3.2.2. Logarithmic Normal Distribution.- 8.3.2.3. Poisson Distribution.- 8.3.2.4. Schulz-Flory Distribution.- 8.3.2.5. Kubin Distribution.- 8.4. Moments.- 8.5. Averages.- 8.5.1. General Relationships.- 8.5.2. Simple One-Moment Averages.- 8.5.3. One-Moment Exponent Averages.- 8.5.4. Multimoment Averages.- 8.5.5. Molar Mass Ratios.- 8.5.6. Copolymers.- Literature.- 9. Determination of Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distributions.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Membrane Osmometry.- 9.2.1. Semipermeable Membranes.- 9.2.2. Experimental Methods.- 9.2.3. Nonsemipermeable or Leaky Membranes.- 9.3. Ebulliometry and Cryoscopy.- 9.4. Vapor Phase Osmometry.- 9.5. Light Scattering.- 9.5.1. Basic Principles.- 9.5.2. Small Particles.- 9.5.3. Copolymers.- 9.5.4. Concentration Dependence.- 9.5.5. Large Particles.- 9.5.6. Experimental Procedure.- 9.6. Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering.- 9.7. Ultracentrifugation.- 9.7.1. Phenomena and Methods.- 9.7.2. Basic Equations.- 9.7.3. Sedimentation Velocity.- 9.7.4. Equilibrium Sedimentation.- 9.7.5. Sedimentation Equilibrium in a Density Gradient.- 9.7.6. Preparative Ultracentrifugation.- 9.8. Chromatography.- 9.8.1. Elution Chromatography.- 9.8.2. Gel-Permeation Chromatography.- 9.8.3. Adsorption Chromatography.- 9.9. Viscometry.- 9.9.1. Basic Principles.- 9.9.2. Experimental Methods.- 9.9.3. Concentration Dependence for Nonelectrolytes.- 9.9.4. Concentration Dependence for Polyelectrolytes.- 9.9.5. The Intrinsic Viscosity and Molar Mass of Rigid Molecules.- 9.9.6. The Molar Mass and Intrinsic Viscosity of Coil-Like Molecules.- 9.9.7. Calibration of the Viscosity-Molar Mass Relationship.- 9.9.8. Influence of the Chemical Structure on the Intrinsic Viscosity.- Literature.- III. Solid State Properties.- 10. Thermal Transitions.- 10.1. Basic Principles.- 10.1.1. Phenomena.- 10.1.2. Thermodynamics.- 10.2. Special Parameters and Methods.- 10.2.1. Thermal Expansion.- 10.2.2. Heat Capacity.- 10.2.3. Differential Thermal Analysis.- 10.2.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- 10.2.5. Dynamic Methods.- 10.2.6. Industrial Testing Methods.- 10.3. Crystallization.- 10.3.1. Nucleation.- 10.3.2. Nucleators.- 10.3.3. Crystal Growth.- 10.3.4. Morphology.- 10.4. Melting.- 10.4.1. Melting Processes.- 10.4.2. Melting Temperatures and Molar Mass.- 10.4.3. Melting Temperature and Constitution.- 10.4.4. Copolymers.- 10.5. Glass Transitions.- 10.5.1. Free Volumes.- 10.5.2. Molecular Interpretation.- 10.5.3. Static and Dynamic Glass Transition Temperatures.- 10.5.4. Constitutional Influences.- 10.6. Other Transitions and Relaxations.- 10.7. Thermal Conductivity.- Literature.- 11. Mechanical Properties.- 11.1. Phenomena.- 11.2. Energy Elasticity.- 11.2.1. Basic Parameters.- 11.2.2. Theoretical Moduli of Elasticity.- 11.2.3. Real Moduli of Elasticity.- 11.3. Entropy Elasticity.- 11.3.1. Phenomena.- 11.3.2. Phenomenological Thermodynamics.- 11.3.3. Statistical Thermodynamics of Ideal Networks.- 11.3.4. Real Networks.- 11.3.5. Sheared Networks.- 11.3.6. Entanglements.- 11.4. Viscoelasticity.- 11.4.1. Basic Principles.- 11.4.2. Relaxation Processes.- 11.4.3. Retardation Processes.- 11.4.4. Combined Processes.- 11.4.5. Dynamic Loading.- 11.5. Deformation Processes.- 11.5.1. Tensile Tests.- 11.5.2. Necking.- 11.5.3. Elongation Processes.- 11.5.4. Hardness.- 11.5.5. Friction and Wear.- 11.6. Fracture.- 11.6.1. Concepts and Methods.- 11.6.2. Theory of Fracture.- 11.6.3. Stress Cracking.- 11.6.4. Fatigue.- Literature.- 12. Interfacial Phenomena.- 12.1. Spreading.- 12.2. Surface Tension of Liquid Polymers.- 12.3. Surface Tension of Solid Polymers.- 12.3.1. Basic Principles.- 12.3.2. Surface Energy and Critical Surface Tension.- 12.4. Adsorption of Polymers.- Literature.- 13. Electrical Properties.- 13.1. Dielectric Properties.- 13.1.1. Polarizability.- 13.1.2. Behavior in an Alternating Electric Field.- 13.1.3. Dielectric Field Strength.- 13.1.4. Tracking.- 13.1.5. Electrostatic Charging.- 13.1.6. Electrets.- 13.2. Electronic Conductivity.- 13.2.1. Basic Principles.- 13.2.2. Influence of Chemical Structure.- 13.2.3. Photoconductivity.- Literature.- 14. Optical Properties.- 14.1. Light Refraction.- 14.2. Light Interference and Color.- 14.2.1. Basic Principle.- 14.2.2. Iridescent Colors.- 14.2.3. Light Transmission and Reflection.- 14.2.4. Transparency.- 14.2.5. Gloss.- 14.3. Light Scattering.- 14.3.1. Phenomena.- 14.3.2. Opacity.- 14.4. Color.- 14.4.1. Introduction.- 14.4.2. Munsell System.- 14.4.3. CIE System.- Literature.
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Bibliographische Angaben
- 2012, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1984., 564 Seiten, Maße: 15,2 x 22,9 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Herausgegeben:Elias, H. G.
- Herausgegeben: H. G. Elias
- Verlag: Springer
- ISBN-10: 1461573696
- ISBN-13: 9781461573692
- Erscheinungsdatum: 12.12.2012
Sprache:
Englisch
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