Micromethods in Molecular Biology

Electrophoresis.- One-Dimensional Multi-Stage Micro-Immunoelectrophoresis.- Literature.- 5 Capillary Centrifugation.- Preparative Capillary Centrifugation.- Analytical Capillary Centrifugation.- Literature.- 6 Micro-Electrophoresis for RNA and DNA Base Analysis.- Biological Material.- Preparation of Microinstruments and Their Use.- Procedure for the Measurement of a Volume.- Extraction of Nucleic Acids.- Medium for Electrophoresis.- Buffers for Electrophoresis.- Micro-Electrophoresis (Microphoresis).- Photographic and Photometric Measurements.- RNA Analysis.- DNA Analysis.- Determination of Total Amounts of Nucleic Acids.- Biological Applications.- Literature.- 7 Determination of the Dry Mass of Small Biological Objects by Quantitative Electron Microscopy.- Prerequisites.- Electron Microscope.- Accelerating Voltage.- Contrast Aperture.- Exposure System.- Darkroom.- Densitometry.- The Principle of the Method of Dry Mass Determination with the Electron Microscope.- Estimation of the Useful Mass Range of an Electron Microscope.- Upper and Lower-Limits.- Consideration of the Photographic Fog.- Measurement of Transmission.- From Sample to Result.- Electron Microscopy.- Measurements with the IPM-2.- Calculation of Mass.- Standardization.- Single-Line Scanning Measurements.- Concentration of Solids.- Preparing an Object for Quantitative Electron Microscopy.- Simple Preparatory Steps.- Preparing Human Chromosomes.- Chromosome Culture.- Preparation of FORMVAR-Coated Grids.- Dehydration and Critical-Point Drying.- Summary.- Literature.- 8 The Construction and Use of Quartz Fiber Fish Pole Balances.- Optical Measurements.- The Choice and Manufacture of Suitable Quartz Fibers.- Making the Fiber.- Balance Cases and Final Assembly.- Mounting the Balance.- Weighing.- Calibration.- Weight Correction for Adsorption of Gases and Moisture in Tissues.- 9 Microphotometry.- Preface.- Photometry.- Photometers.- Microphotometry.- Microphotometers.- Spot Measurements.- Line Scanning.- Area Scanning.- Addendum.- Remarks Regarding the Microphotometry of Autoradiographs.- Literature.- 10 Cytofluorometry.- Description of Instrument.- Basic Equipment.- Light Sources.- Filters and Reflectors.- Objectives.- Fluorescence Standard.- Microscope Photometer.- Recording of the Intensity of Fluorescence.- Use of Instrument.- Adjustment of the Instrument.- Measuring Procedure.- Some Applications.- Material.- Fixation.- Storage.- Staining Reactions.- DNA.- Histones.- Total Protein.- Arginine.- Lysine.- Sulfhydryl Groups.- Successive Measurements.- Analysis and Evaluation of Data.- Literature.- 11 Quantitative Autoradiography at the Cellular Level.- Biochemical Aspects.- The Precursor Pool.- Turnover of the End-Product.- Reutilization of the Labeled Compounds.- The Nuclear Emulsion.- Response to ?-Rays.- Development.- Fading of the Latent Image.- The Autoradiograph.- Track Autoradiography.- Grain-Density Autoradiography.- ?-Self-Absorption and ?-Absorption.- Back-Scattering.- Geometric Factors.- Chemography.- Background.- Preparing the Samples.- Fixation.- Autoradiography of Soluble Compounds.- Quantitative Determination of Substances.- Track Counting.- Grain Yield.- Radioactive Standard Sources.- Manual and Automatic Methods of Grain Counting.- Visual Counting.- Silver Grain Photometry.- Application. The Rate of Synthesis of DNA in Individual Cells.- Literature.- 12 Micro-Dialysis.- Micro-Dialysis Chamber.- Micro-Electrodialysis.- Equilibrium Dialysis.- Literature.- 13 Micro-Homogenisation.- Literature.- 14 Wet Weight Determination in the Lower Milligram Range.- Literature.- 15 Micro-Magnetic Stirrer.- 16 Production of Capillary Pipettes.- Literature.