MRI Physics
Tech to Tech Explanations
(Sprache: Englisch)
MRI PHYSICS
MRI PHYSICS
TECH TO TECH EXPLANATIONS
Technologists must have a solid understanding of the physics behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), including safety, the hows and whys of the quantum physics of the MR...
MRI PHYSICS
TECH TO TECH EXPLANATIONS
Technologists must have a solid understanding of the physics behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), including safety, the hows and whys of the quantum physics of the MR...
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MRI PHYSICSMRI PHYSICS
TECH TO TECH EXPLANATIONS
Technologists must have a solid understanding of the physics behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), including safety, the hows and whys of the quantum physics of the MR phenomenon, and how to competently operate MRI scanners. Generating the highest quality images of the human body involves thorough knowledge of scanner hardware, pulse sequences, image contrast, geometric parameters, and tissue suppression techniques.
MRI Physics: Tech to Tech Explanations is designed to help student MRI technologists and radiotherapists preparing for Advanced MRI certification examinations to better understand difficult concepts and topics in a quick and easy manner.
Written by a highly experienced technologist, this useful guide provides clear and reader-friendly coverage of what every MR Technologist needs to know. Topics include safety considerations associated with the magnetic field and RF, pulse sequences, artifacts, MRI math, the much-feared gradients, and I.V. contrast.
* Provides basic guidance on safety considerations, protocols options, critical thinking, and image contrast optimization
* Simplifies the challenging topic of MRI physics using straightforward language and clear explanations
* Covers content for American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) and Continuing Qualifications Requirements (CQR) exams
* Features numerous illustrations and photographs of various MRI concepts, pulse sequence design, artifacts, and the application of concepts in clinical settings
MRI Physics: Tech to Tech Explanations is a must-have resource for the experienced and training MRI technologist, medical students, and radiology residency rotations.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „MRI Physics “
About the Author xvPreface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction 1
1 Hardware: Magnet Types and Coils 15
Magnets 15
Coils 17
2 The Basics 23
Why the Hydrogen Molecule? 24
The Net Magnetization Vector 26
MRI is a Sequence of Events 27
Free Induction Decay (FID) 32
Relaxation 33
Proton Density 38
Image Contrast 38
The IQ Triangle: Contrast, SNR, Resolution 39
B0 and B1 43
Free and Bound Protons 44
3 Image Weighting 47
Where Does Image Weighting Come From? 48
Time of Repetition (TR) 50
Time of Echo (TE) 52
TE and TR 54
Why Different TR Ranges for Different Field Strengths? 54
How Does TR Control T1? 55
What Does TR Affect? 56
Interpreting the T1 Relaxation Curve 57
Time of Repetition: Effects of the TR 57
TE: The T1 and T2 of it 58
Interpreting the T2 Relaxation Curve 60
Effects of TE on Image Contrast 62
What Do the Lines on the Curves Really Mean Anyway? 62
One Last Weighting Triangle 65
T1 and T2 Contrast Review 66
4 Introduction to the Basic Pulse Sequences 69
What is a Pulse Sequence? 69
Spin Echo (SE) 70
Gradient Echo/Gradient Recalled Echo (GRE) 73
Line Diagram Anatomy 74
The Ernst Angle 77
5 Multi Echo Spin Echo Sequence 81
Introduction to k-Space 82
k-Space: Phase Encoding 85
With FSE, Watch the Speed Limit! 86
k-Space, ETL, and Image Contrast 87
Filling k-Space 89
Pros and Cons of FSE 89
Another Way to View T2* and 180°s 91
Where Do Relaxation and Decay Curves Come From? 92
A T2* Curve Compared to the T2 Curve 93
Metal Artifact Reduction (MARS) 94
Driven Equilibrium: A "Forced T1" 95
3D FSE:
... mehr
CUBE/SPACE/VISTA 97
Single Shot FSE/HASTE 98
6 Tissue Suppression 105
Tissue Saturation versus Suppression 107
Inversion Recovery - Part One: STIR 108
Inversion Recovery: STIR with Vectors 109
Inversion Recovery Part Two: T2 FLAIR 113
IR Sequences: T1 and T2 FLAIR 116
IR Weightings: STIR, T1 and T2 FLAIR 117
Inversion Recovery - Part Two 119
The Rupture View 120
Tissue Saturation: Chemical Shift 121
Chemical Saturation at Low Fields 123
Tissue Saturation: SPAIR and SPIR 124
The Dixon Technique 126
Water Excitation 126
Saturation Pulses or Bands 129
Subtractions 131
Magnetization Transfer 135
IR Prepped Sequences 137
How is an RF Pulse Selective or Non-Selective? 140
Water Excitation Sequences 142
7 The Gradient Echo Sequence 145
GRE Sequence Structure 147
Phase Dispersion and Gradient Reversal 148
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) 149
GRE Sequence Image Weighting 149
Two Different Kinds of T2 Relaxation 152
The GRE Weighting Triangle 153
GRE and SE Differences 156
Different Gradient Echo Types 157
In and Out of Phase TEs 161
In Phase/Out of Phase at 1.5 T 163
8 Gradient Echo Magnetic Resonance Angiography 167
Time of Flight MRA 168
TOF Angiography: Two Golden Rules 171
Types of MRA Sequences 171
TOF Concept in MRA versus MRV 172
2D versus 3D 172
2D TOF MRAs 175
Single Shot FSE/HASTE 98
6 Tissue Suppression 105
Tissue Saturation versus Suppression 107
Inversion Recovery - Part One: STIR 108
Inversion Recovery: STIR with Vectors 109
Inversion Recovery Part Two: T2 FLAIR 113
IR Sequences: T1 and T2 FLAIR 116
IR Weightings: STIR, T1 and T2 FLAIR 117
Inversion Recovery - Part Two 119
The Rupture View 120
Tissue Saturation: Chemical Shift 121
Chemical Saturation at Low Fields 123
Tissue Saturation: SPAIR and SPIR 124
The Dixon Technique 126
Water Excitation 126
Saturation Pulses or Bands 129
Subtractions 131
Magnetization Transfer 135
IR Prepped Sequences 137
How is an RF Pulse Selective or Non-Selective? 140
Water Excitation Sequences 142
7 The Gradient Echo Sequence 145
GRE Sequence Structure 147
Phase Dispersion and Gradient Reversal 148
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) 149
GRE Sequence Image Weighting 149
Two Different Kinds of T2 Relaxation 152
The GRE Weighting Triangle 153
GRE and SE Differences 156
Different Gradient Echo Types 157
In and Out of Phase TEs 161
In Phase/Out of Phase at 1.5 T 163
8 Gradient Echo Magnetic Resonance Angiography 167
Time of Flight MRA 168
TOF Angiography: Two Golden Rules 171
Types of MRA Sequences 171
TOF Concept in MRA versus MRV 172
2D versus 3D 172
2D TOF MRAs 175
... weniger
Autoren-Porträt von Stephen J. Powers
Stephen J. Powers, BSRT (R), (CT), (MR) is currently an MR Technologist for South Coast Hospital Systems in the USA, and former MRI Clinical Applications Specialist for General Electric Health Care. Stephen has over twenty years of classroom, lecture and clinical instructor experience.
Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Stephen J. Powers
- 2021, 1. Auflage, 416 Seiten, Maße: 14 x 21,6 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- ISBN-10: 111961502X
- ISBN-13: 9781119615026
- Erscheinungsdatum: 01.04.2021
Sprache:
Englisch
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