MRI

Preface, ix
 
ABR study guide topics, xi
 
1 Production of net magnetization 1
 
1.1 Magnetic fields 1
 
1.2 Nuclear spin 2
 
1.3 Nuclear magnetic moments 4
 
1.4 Larmor precession 4
 
1.5 Net magnetization 6
 
1.6 Susceptibility and magnetic materials 8
 
2 Concepts of magnetic resonance 10
 
2.1 Radiofrequency excitation 10
 
2.2 Radiofrequency signal detection 12
 
2.3 Chemical shift 14
 
3 Relaxation 17
 
3.1 T1 relaxation and saturation 17
 
3.2 T2 relaxation, T2* relaxation, and spin echoes 21
 
4 Principles of magnetic resonance imaging - 1 26
 
4.1 Gradient fields 26
 
4.2 Slice selection 28
 
4.3 Readout or frequency encoding 30
 
4.4 Phase encoding 33
 
4.5 Sequence looping 35
 
5 Principles of magnetic resonance imaging - 2 39
 
5.1 Frequency selective excitation 39
 
5.2 Composite pulses 44
 
5.3 Raw data and image data matrices 46
 
5.4 Signal-to-noise ratio and tradeoffs 47
 
5.5 Raw data and k-space 48
 
5.6 Reduced k-space techniques 51
 
5.7 Reordered k-space filling techniques 54
 
5.8 Other k-space filling techniques 56
 
5.9 Phased-array coils 58
 
5.10 Parallel acquisition methods 60
 
6 Pulse sequences 65
 
6.1 Spin echo sequences 67
 
6.2 Gradient echo sequences 70
 
6.3 Echo planar imaging sequences 75
 
6.4 Magnetization-prepared sequences 77
 
7 Measurement parameters and image contrast 86
 
7.1 Intrinsic parameters 87
 
7.2 Extrinsic parameters 89
 
7.3 Parameter tradeoffs 91
 
8 Signal suppression techniques 94
 
8.1 Spatial presaturation 94
 
8.2 Magnetization transfer suppression 96
 
8.3 Frequency-selective saturation 99
 
8.4 Nonsaturation methods 101
 
9 Artifacts 103
 
9.1 Motion artifacts

Brian M. Dale, Ph.D. MBA is Zone Research Manager, MR R&D Collaborations, Siemens Medical Solutions, Inc. Brian is a younger colleague at Siemens of the previous co-author, Dr Mark Brown. Brian has a PhD in biomedical engineering from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH. His interests are in sequence programming and optimal design.
 
Mark A. Brown, Ph.D. is Senior Technical Instructor at Siemens Medical Solutions Training and Development Center. He received his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Duke University, in Durham, NC. His research interests include relaxation and exchange phenomena and in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging.
 
Richard Semelka, MD, is Director of Magnetic Resonance Services, Professor, and Vice Chairman of Radiology at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Medical School. He received his medical degree and residency training in radiology in his native Canada at the University of Manitoba, and completed a clinical research fellowship in MRI of the body at the University of California at San Francisco. Dr. Semelka has authored over 300 peer-reviewed articles, 12 textbooks including the Wiley Abdominal-Pelvic MRI and Current Clinical Imaging series and is an internationally acclaimed authority in the field.