Particle Physics and Astrophysics. Current Viewpoints

III.4 Neutrino Losses in Advanced Evolutionary Phases.- III.5 Core Instability.- III.6 Progenitor Star of SN 1987 A.- IV. Physics of Stellar Collapse, Shock Energy.- IV.1 Neutronization.- IV.2 Neutrino Trapping.- IV.3 Entropy and Equation of State During Collapse.- IV.4 Adiabatic Collapse.- IV.5 Shock Formation and Shock Energy.- V. Neutrino Radiation.- V.1 Estimates of the Properties of the Neutrino Burst.- V.2 Estimate of the Total Neutrino Loss of SN 1987 A.- V.3 Bounds on the Electron Neutrino Mass.- V.4 Detailed Models.- VI. Basic Equations for Gravitational Collapse.- VII. Prompt and Delayed Explosions.- VIII. Conclusions and Supplementary Remarks.- Appendix A. Energy-Momentum Conservation.- Appendix B. Core Instabilities.- Appendix C. Diffusion Approximation, Flux-Limited Diffusion.- Appendix D. Plasma-Neutrino Process.- References.- Evidence for Black Holes.- I. Introduction.- II. Mechanics of Binary Systems.- III. Upper Bound for the Mass of a Neutron Star.- IV. Three Black Hole Candidates.- 1. Cyguns X-1.- 2. LMC X-3.- 3. A0620-00.- References.- Principles of Black Hole Energetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Model of Gravitational Collapse.- 3. Positive Energy Theorems.- 4. Hawking Effect.- 5. Calculations of T?v.- 6. Model of Back Reaction.- References.- Quantum Gravity Motivated Computer Simulations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Regge-Einstein Action and Quantization.- 3. The Monte Carlo Method.- 3.1 Example: Two-Dimensional 0(3) ?-Model.- 3.2 The Monte Carlo Algorithm for Regge Skeletons.- 4. A Simulation with the Regge-Einstein Action.- 5. Higher Derivative Gravity.- 6. De Sitter Lattice Gravity.- 7. Conclusions and Outlook.- Appendix A: Some Parameters and Constants.- Appendix B: Basic Geometry.- References.- Neutrino Oscillations and Their Damping.- 1. Particle Oscillations.- 2. Effects of a Medium.- 3. Adiabatic Case.- 4. Damping of Particle Oscillations.- References.- Phase Transitions as the Origin of Large Scale Structure in the Universe.- 1. Very Large Scale Structure and Gravity.- 1.1 Observations and Motivations.- 1.2 Dark Matter.- 1.3 Newtonian Approximation.- 1.4 Linear Perturbations in Cold Dark Matter.- 1.5 Local Nonlinearity "doesn't matter".- 1.6 Peculiar Velocities.- 1.7 Sources.- 1.8 Hot Dark Matter.- 1.9 Linearising Liouville.- 1.10 Phase Space Constraints for Hot Dark Matter.- 1.11 Summary.- 2. Phase Transitions, Defects and Fluctuations.- 2.1 A Physical Picture of Phase Transitions.- 2.2 Gaussian Approximation.- 2.3 Spatial Distribution of Fields near Tc.- 2.4 Out of Equilibrium: Defect Formation.- 2.5 Defects and Topology.- 2.6 A Useful Theorem.- 2.7 Cosmic Strings.- 2.8 Simulating String Formation.- 2.9 Evolution of Strings.- 2.10 Free Strings in an Expanding Universe.- 2.11 Inside the Horizon: Free Strings in Flat Spacetime.- 2.12 Interacting String Networks in an Expanding Universe: the Scaling Solution.- 2.13 Loops.- 2.14 Strings as Density Perturbations.- 2.15 Accretion by Loops.- 2.16 Loops as Seeds for Galaxies and Clusters.- 2.17 Cosmic String and Hot Dark Matter.- 2.18 Cosmic String and Inflation?.- 2.19 Cosmic String Versus Inflation.- 2.20 Other Observational Tests for Cosmic Strings.- References.