Patterns of Chloroplast Reproduction

A. Introduction.- I. Plastid Numbers in Relation to the Whole: Scope of Presentation.- II. Historical Overview.- B. Survey of Known Plastid Numbers per Cell.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods of Counting.- III. Phycophyta.- IV. Bryophyta.- V. Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms.- VI. Dicotyledoneae.- VII. Monocotyledoneae.- VIII. Comparison of Dicotyledons With Monocotyledons.- IX. Summary.- C. Developmental Genetics of Plastid Populations.- I. Plastid Division and Cell Cycle.- II. Nuclear Ploidy and Chloroplast Number.- III. Aneuploidy and Chloroplast Number.- IV. Other Genetic Differences Possibly Affecting the Chloroplast Number.- V. Summary.- D. Correlations, Regeneration and Compensatory Divisions.- I. Introduction.- II. Chloroplast Size, Cell Size and Chloroplast Number.- III. Compensatory Divisions of Plastids.- IV. Summary.- E. Influences of External Agents on Plastid Number.- I. Introduction.- II. Light.- III. Temperature.- IV. Water and Mineral Salts.- V. Carbon Dioxide.- VI. Organic Compounds.- VII. Various Other Factors.- VIII. Summary.- F. Continuity of Plastids and Formation of Patterns.- I. Introduction.- II. Multiplication of Plastids.- III. Minimum Number of Plastids Needed for Continuity.- IV. Patterns of Chloroplast Reproduction.- V. Appendix: Plastid Fusions.- VI. Summary.- G. Applications, Inferences and Conclusions.- I. Applications.- II. Considerations on Evolution.- III. Inferences and Conclusions.