Pharmaceutical Calculations

PREFACE XIII
 
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW OF BASIC MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES 1
 
1.1. Significant Figures 2
 
1.2. Rounding Off 4
 
1.3. Fractions 5
 
1.4. Exponents and Powers 8
 
1.5. Estimation 10
 
1.6. Units 12
 
1.7. Ratio 15
 
1.8. Proportion 15
 
1.9. Dimensional Analysis 18
 
Practice Problems 21
 
CHAPTER 2 SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT 31
 
2.1. Metrology 31
 
2.2. The Metric System 32
 
2.3. The English Systems 33
 
2.4. Measurement of Weight 33
 
2.5. Measurement of Volume 38
 
2.6. Measurement of Length 41
 
2.7. Intersystem Relationships 43
 
2.8. Household Equivalents and Metric Estimation 44
 
Practice Problems 49
 
CHAPTER 3 PRESCRIPTIONS AND MEDICATION ORDERS 54
 
3.1. Prescribing Authority 55
 
3.2. Components 57
 
3.3. Practices To Prevent Medication Errors 58
 
3.4. Common Abbreviations 60
 
3.5. Outpatient Prescription Drug Orders 69
 
3.6. Inpatient Medication Orders 72
 
3.7. Interpretation 77
 
3.8. Calculations To Check "DEA" Numbers 77
 
3.9. Reducing and Enlarging Formulas 80
 
3.10. Parts Formulas 87
 
Practice Problems 90
 
CHAPTER 4 WEIGHING AND MEASURING IN PHARMACY PRACTICE 103
 
4.1. Measurement Errors 103
 
4.2. Indication of Error 104
 
4.3. Tolerance In Prescription Compounding and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing 108
 
4.4. Weighing and Measuring 109
 
4.5. Aliquot Method and Triturations 119
 
4.6. Density 142
 
4.7. Specific Gravity 144
 
Practice Problems 145
 
CHAPTER 5 DOSAGE CALCULATIONS 160
 
5.1. Calculations Involving Dose, Size, Number of Doses, Amount Dispensed, and Quanity of a Specific Ingredient in a Dose 161
 
5.2. Dosage Measured By Drops 169
 
5.3. Dosage Based on Body Weight 171
 
5.4. Dosage Based on Body

Maria Glaucia Teixeira, PhD, is Associate Professor Emeritus in the School of Pharmacy at the University of Wyoming, where she retired after 23 years on the faculty, following 10 years as Professor at the Federal University of Ceará in Fortaleza, Brazil. She has received numerous recognitions for her teaching, including the Top Prof and Excellence in Teaching awards at Wyoming. She received her PhD in Pharmacology at Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
Joel L. Zatz, PhD, is Professor Emeritus at Rutgers University, New Jersey.