Responsibility and Criminal Liability

1. Introduction.- 2. Responsibility and Criminal Law.- I. Law as Purposeful Activity.- II. Criminal Law and the Liberal Society.- III. The Two-Fold Aim.- IV. Responsibility.- IVA. Language and Terminology.- V. Two Models of Responsibility.- VA. Conditions of Imputative Responsibility.- 3. Law and Society.- I. Liability, Grading, and Allotment.- IA. Liability.- IB. Grading and Allotment.- II. Excuse, Justification, and Mitigation.- IIA. Excusing Devices and Subsystems.- III. Law and Society.- IIIA. Systems in Social Context.- 4. The Requirement of Conduct.- I. The Act Doctrine.- IA. The Rationale.- IB. Alternatives.- II. Definitions and Terminology.- IIA. Objections.- III. Omissions.- IIIA. Omissions as Conduct.- IIIB. Omissions in Criminal Law.- IV. Limitations of the Doctrine.- 5. Voluntariness.- I. Voluntariness and the Act Doctrine.- IA. Voluntariness and Mens Rea.- IB. Voluntariness and Causative Responsibility.- II. Involuntary and Nonvoluntary Conduct.- III. Objectivity and Subjectivity.- IV. Voluntariness and the Rationale of Excuses.- 6. Intentionality.- I. Intentionality.- II. Intentionality as Desire and Foresight.- III. Intentionality, Probabilities, and Purposes.- IIIA. Intentionality and Likelihood (The British View).- IIIB. Intentionality as Aiming.- IV. Import and Implications.- 7. Knowledge and Foresight.- I. Introduction.- II. Knowledge and Foresight.- IIA. Knowing.- IIB. Foresight.- III. Taking Risks.- IIIA. Justifiability.- IIIB. Degree.- IIIC. Reasonableness and Recklessness.- IV. Negligence.- IVA. Subjectivity, Objectivity, and the Nature of Negligence.- IVB. The Legitimacy of Negligence Liability.- IVC. The Structure and Limits of Criminal Negligence.- V. Exculpatory Mistakes.- 8. Responsibility and Conditional Liability.- I. Introduction.- II. Choice and Control.- III. Opportunities and Responsibility.- IV. Primary (Potency) Responsibility.- V. Prior Fault.- VI. Conclusion.- Reference Bibliography.- Table of Cases Cited or Consulted.