Reverse Osmosis

Preface to the 3rd Edition xxi
 
Acknowledgements xxiii
 
Section I: Fundamentals 1
 
1 Introduction to Reverse Osmosis: History, Challenges, and Future Directions 3
 
1.1 Introduction 3
 
1.2 A Brief History of Reverse Osmosis 5
 
1.2.1 Early Development 5
 
1.2.2 Advances 1970s-1980s 10
 
1.2.3 Advances from 1990s through the Early 2000s 12
 
1.3 Challenges and Prospects 14
 
1.3.1 Membrane Materials Development 15
 
1.3.2 Modification of Element Construction for Ultra-High Pressure or High-Temperature Operation 17
 
1.3.2.1 Ultra-High Pressure Spiral Wound RO 17
 
1.3.2.2 High-Temperature Elements 18
 
1.3.3 Optimization of RO Element Feed Channel Spacer 19
 
1.3.4 Other Advances and Future Requirements 23
 
1.4 Summary 26
 
Symbols 26
 
Nomenclature 27
 
References 27
 
2 Principles and Terminology 33
 
2.1 Semipermeable Membranes 33
 
2.2 Osmosis 33
 
2.3 Reverse Osmosis 35
 
2.4 Basic Performance Parameters: Recovery, Rejection, and Flux 35
 
2.4.1 Recovery and Concentration Factor 35
 
2.4.2 Rejection 38
 
2.4.3 Flux 41
 
2.4.3.1 Water Flux 41
 
2.4.3.2 Solute Flux 43
 
2.5 Filtration 43
 
2.5.1 Dead-End Filtration 43
 
2.5.2 Cross-Flow Filtration 43
 
2.6 Concentration Polarization 45
 
Symbols 47
 
Nomenclature 48
 
References 48
 
3 Membranes: Transport Models, Characterization, and Elements 51
 
3.1 Membrane Transport Models 51
 
3.1.1 Solution-Diffusion Transport Model 52
 
3.1.2 Modified Solution-Diffusion Transport Models 55
 
3.1.2.1 Solution-Diffusion Imperfection Model 55
 
3.1.2.2 Extended Solution-Diffusion Model 56
 
3.1.3 Pore-Based Transport Models 56
 
3.1.4 Models Based on Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 57
 
3.2 Polymeric Membranes

Jane Kucera is a senior technical consultant with Nalco Water, an Ecolab Company, where she designs water and wastewater use and reuse facilities. With over 40 years of experience, she has an MS in chemical engineering and has authored two books, both with Scrivener Publishing, the first and second editions of Reverse Osmosis, and the first and second editions of Desalination: Water from Water. She is active in the International Water Conference (IWC) and served as the 2023 Conference Chair. She received the 2021 Award of Merit offered by the Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania for her work in the water treatment industry and contributions to the IWC. Jane has a Teaching Credential from the State of California and taught chemistry at Linfield University, Los Angeles Valley College, and Central Oregon Community College.