Schools of Thought

I: Schools of Thought: Some Theoretical Observations.- Toward a Definition of Schools of Thought.- The Cognitive Divergence of Schools of Thought.- 1. Philosophical Divergence.- 2. Theoretical Divergence.- 3. Substantive and Methodological Divergence.- The Implications of the System of Cognitive Divergence.- Social Divergence.- Schools vs. Disciplines: Autonomy and Institutionalization.- Schools and the Legitimation of Scientific Results.- Schools in Academic Science.- The Dual Legitimation System.- Cognitive Consequences of the Dual Legitimation System.- Opportunities for Divergence: Center and Periphery.- Opportunities for Divergence: The Leader's Status.- Schools of Thought in Linguistics.- II: The Idea System of the Early Comparative Grammarians.- Early Comparative Grammarians: Philosophical and Theoretical Beliefs.- The Schleicherian Synthesis: To Save the Phenomena.- Linguistic Methodology Before 1870.- III: Linguistics at the German University.- The Idea of Higher Education and the Growth of Linguistics.- The Organization of Teaching and Research.- Linguistics and Philology: Modes of Institutionalization.- IV: The Neogrammarian Doctrine.- The Neogrammarian Inheritance: Linguistic Methodology.- A Method in Search of a Theory.- V: The Neogrammarian Revolution From Above.- The Problem.- A School of Thought as a Bid for Scientific Authority.- The Institutional Setting.- The Neogrammarian "Revolution from Above".- Cognitive Repercussions of Institutional Changes.- VI: The Idealist Reaction.- Causality and Explanation in Linguistics: the Denial of Science.- Language as Art and the Idea of Linguistic Study.- The Denial of Linguistics: Neo-Idealists and the Crisis of Learning.- VII: Saussure's Revolution From Within.- The Road to Synchrony: Overdetermination and Its Obstacles.- 1. Uniformitarianism.- 2. Theory of Analogy.- 3. Alternations as Synchronic Phenomena.- The Construction of a Linguistic Fact.- Structuralism: Language as an Autonomous Object.- VIII: Schools