Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11

Acknowledgments xiii CHAPTER ONE: An Organizational View of 9/11 1 CHAPTER TWO: Canaries in the Coal Mine: The Case for Failed Adaptation 15 CHAPTER THREE: Crossing an Academic No-Man's Land: Explaining Failed Adaptation 43 CHAPTER FOUR: Fighting Osama One Bureaucrat at a Time: Adaptation Failure in the CIA 61 CHAPTER FIVE: Signals Found and Lost: The CIA and 9/11 101 CHAPTER SIX: Real Men Don't Type: Adaptation Failure in the FBI 120 CHAPTER SEVEN: Evidence Teams at the Ready: The FBI and 9/11 156 CHAPTER EIGHT: The More Things Change ... 169 APPENDIX: Intelligence Reform Catalog Methodology 199 Notes 203 References 273 Index 309

Amy B. Zegart is associate professor of public policy at the University of California, Los Angeles. She is the author of "Flawed by Design: The Evolution of the CIA, JCS, and NSC".

Co-Winner of the 2008 Louis Brownlow Award, National Academy of Public Administration "Ever since the end of the cold war, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Security Agency, and more than a dozen other intelligence organizations that answer to the president had been struggling to adapt their sources and methods to the new menace. As Amy B. Zegart argues in Spying Blind, they just weren't up to the job... Zegart, blaming institutional inertia more than individuals, counts more than 20 specific instances where the CIA or the FBI missed chances to stop the 9/11 attacks."--Christopher Dickey, Newsweek "Don't be fooled by the title of this book. It sounds as if the author is going to tread the same turf as Richard Clarke, Tim Weiner, Bob Woodward and a host of others, including the 9/11 Commission Report, but Amy Zegart in Spying Blind goes several steps beyond her predecessors... Zegart presents the facts behind this state of affairs in a more scholarly way than we've previously seen, by examining over 300 intelligence reform recommendations and by tracing the history of CIA and FBI counter-terrorism efforts from 1991 to 2001. ... Spying Blind provides a clear and comprehensive overview of a dire situation -- the kind of knowledge that comes in handy when you call or write your congressman or, for that matter, when you vote."--Mary Welp, The Courier-Journal "Zegart argues that any meaningful improvement in U.S. intelligence coordination and effectiveness will require the president and Congress to take on the Defense Department... Spying Blind is a thorough examination of those reform failures. In it, Zegart sifts through hundreds of intelligence recommendations...and findings by the 9/11 Commission and congressional committees."--David J. Garrow, Wilson Quarterly "One of the many strengths of Zegart's book is that she examines not only current problems in the intelligence services but past efforts to correct them."--Simon