Static Electrification

Chapman
E. Spray electrification of water in relation to thunderstorm electrification
F. Homogeneous or symmetrical charging of liquid droplets on dispersion
1. The spray and dust electrical analyses of Hansen and Kunkel using the Hopper and Laby technique
2. The measurements of Dodd on liquids
3. Significance of Dodd's results
G. Asymmetric charge distribution of droplets of micron size from bursting of small air bubbles in concentrated solutions
H. Conclusions

IV. Mechanisms of electrification on solid-solid contact
A. Introduction
B. Quantitative measuring techniques and the influence of electrical fields
1. Simple studies
2. The action of external fields on charging
C. Initial investigation of controlled contact electrification of metal-inorganic insulator systems
D. Electrification of dusts on dispersion and impact on surfaces
1. Experimental techniques
2. Observations
E. The contact charging by rolling of inorganic insulator spheres on metal surfaces
a) Design of apparatus
b) Experimental results on fused quartz
c) Effect of gas pressure
d) The charging rate
e) Borosilicate glass
f) Interpretation of charging data
g) Primary process of charge transfer
h) Secondary processes governing redistribution of charge
i) Surface conduction
F. Extension of Peterson's investigations by Wagner
1. Experimental techniques
2. Basic theory
3. Experimental observations
a) Saturation charge
b) Single crystal studies on quartz
c) Aluminum oxide, synthetic single crystals, (white sapphire)
d) Single crystals of alkali halides
e) Magnesium oxide single crystals (periclase)
f) Effect of surface finish
g) High saturation charges
h) Charging and work function
i) Leakage currents
j) Charging under ultra high vacuum with measured work function
4. Interpretation of results
a) Surface and bulk conductivity
b) Dependence of charging rate on surface exposed
c) Maximum or saturation charge
- Effect of surface roughness
- Effect of electrostatic forces
d) The true charge separation qs and back discharge
e) Influence of rolling speed on qs
f) The nature of charge exchange mechanisms
1. For quartz - 2. For Al2O3 - 3. For alkali halides - 4. MgO
G. Contact charging of ice on ice
H. Other possible charge transfer mechanisms
1. Asymmetric rubbing, true tribo electrification
2. The Henry model for contact charging of solids having a common ion
3. The charging of solids by rupture of surface dipoles
4. Luminosity in contact charging processes

V. The generation of static charges by processes involving ionization of gases and miscellaneous other matters
A. Introduction
B. Various gaseous electronic mechanisms
1. Photoelectric and thermionic emission of carriers
2. IJnipolar corona discharges
3. The effect of plasmas from arcs and glows in static generation
4. Induction charging in auxiliary fields
C. Static elimination
1. Introduction, grounding of all conductors
2. Reduction by increasing conductivity of insulators
a) Volume conductivity
b) Surface conductivity
c) Agencies aiding surface os volume conductivity
3. The use of electrostatic dischargers
a) By self-discharge
b) By use of floating insulating systems
c) Ions from electrostatic sources
- By ions of both signs
- By monitored ions of one sign
d) The use of radioactive ionizing radiations
e) The problems of elimination in dust and spray electrification
f) Precipitation static in aircraft
D. Thunderstorm electrification
a) Capture or fission of drops
b) Spray charging
c) Ice-ice impact
d) Separation through freezing potentials
E. Protection against lightning stroke
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